Answer:
A. 0.143 M
B. 0.0523 M
Explanation:
A.
Let's consider the neutralization reaction between potassium hydroxide and potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP).
KOH + KHC₈H₄O₄ → H₂O + K₂C₈H₄O₄
The molar mass of KHP is 204.22 g/mol. The moles corresponding to 1.08 g are:
1.08 g × (1 mol/204.22 g) = 5.28 × 10⁻³ mol
The molar ratio of KOH to KHC₈H₄O₄ is 1:1. The reacting moles of KOH are 5.28 × 10⁻³ moles.
5.28 × 10⁻³ moles of KOH occupy a volume of 36.8 mL. The molarity of the KOH solution is:
M = 5.28 × 10⁻³ mol / 0.0368 L = 0.143 M
B.
Let's consider the neutralization of potassium hydroxide and perchloric acid.
KOH + HClO₄ → KClO₄ + H₂O
When the molar ratio of acid (A) to base (B) is 1:1, we can use the following expression.
Answer:
Option C, (Actual yield ÷ percent yield) × 100
Explanation:
Theoretical yield is defined as the total amount of product formed for given reactants in a chemical reaction. It is an ideal case which assumes no exceptions or wastage.
The mathematical relation between the actual yield, percent yield and theoretical yield is as follows -
Where
P.Y. represents the percent yield a
M A.Y. represents the mass obtained from actual yield
M T.Y. represents the mass obtained from theoretical yield
Hence, if we rearrange the formula, we get -
Hence, option C is correct
<>"Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one material into another material. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused by a change in the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. The speed of a light wave is dependent upon the optical density of the material through which it moves. For this reason, the direction that the path of a light wave bends depends on whether the light wave is traveling from a more dense (slow) medium to a less dense (fast) medium or from a less dense medium to a more dense medium. In this part of Lesson 1, we will investigate this topic of the direction of bending of a light wave.
Predicting the Direction of Bending
Recall the Marching Soldiers analogy discussed earlier in this lesson. The analogy served as a model for understanding the boundary behavior of light waves. As discussed, the analogy is often illustrated in a Physics classroom by a student demonstration. In the demonstration, a line of students (representing a light wave) marches towards a masking tape (representing the boundary) and slows down upon crossing the boundary (representative of entering a new medium). The direction of the line of students changes upon crossing the boundary. The diagram below depicts this change in direction for a line of students who slow down upon crossing the boundary.
On the diagram, the direction of the students is represented by two arrows known as rays. The direction of the students as they approach the boundary is represented by an incident ray (drawn in blue). And the direction of the students after they cross the boundary is represented by a refracted ray (drawn in red). Since the students change direction (i.e., refract), the incident ray and the refracted ray do not point in the same direction. Also, note that a perpendicular line is drawn to the boundary at the point where the incident ray strikes the boundary (i.e., masking tape). A line drawn perpendicular to the boundary at the point of incidence is known as a normal line. Observe that the refracted ray lies closer to the normal line than the incident ray does. In such an instance as this, we would say that the path of the students has bent towards the normal. We can extend this analogy to light and conclude that:
Light Traveling from a Fast to a Slow Medium
If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it travels fast into a material in which travels slower, then the light ray will bend towards the normal line.
The above principle applies to light passing from a material in which it travels fast across a boundary and into a material in which it travels slowly. But what if light wave does the opposite? What if a light wave passes from a material in which it travels slowly across a boundary and into a material in which it travels fast? The answer to this question can be answered if we reconsider the Marching Soldier analogy. Now suppose that the each individual student in the train of students speeds up once they cross the masking tape. The first student to reach the boundary will speed up and pull ahead of the other students. When the second student reaches the boundary, he/she will also speed up and pull ahead of the other students who have not yet reached the boundary. This continues for each consecutive student, causing the line of students to now be traveling in a direction further from the normal. This is depicted in the diagram below.
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Consider you have a mixture of amino acids(contains all set of amino acids such as polar, non polar). Other than TLC, how are you supposed to separate a single amino acid from the mixture without loss of amino acid quantitatively.
