Answer:
Radiation effects on electrical equipment depend on the equipment and on the type of ionizing radiation to which it is exposed.
First, beta radiation has little, if any, effect on electrical equipment because this type of ionizing radiation is easily shielded. The equipment housing and the construction of the parts within the housing will protect the equipment from beta-radiation (high-energy electrons) exposure.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and can affect most electrical equipment. Simple equipment (like motors, switches, incandescent lights, wiring, and solenoids) is very radiation resistant and may never show any radiation effects, even after a very large radiation exposure. Diodes and computer chips (electronics) are much more sensitive to gamma radiation. To give you a comparison of effects, it takes a radiation dose of about 5 Sv to cause death to most people. Diodes and computer chips will show very little functional detriment up to about 50 to 100 Sv. Also, some electronics can be "hardened" (made to be not affected as much by larger gamma radiation doses) by providing shielding or by selecting radiation-resistant materials.
Some electronics do exhibit a recovery after being exposed to gamma radiation, after the radiation is stopped. But the recovery is hardly ever back to 100% functionality. Also, if the electronics are exposed to gamma radiation while unpowered, the gamma radiation effects are less.
Ionizing radiation breaks down the materials within the electrical equipment. For example, when wiring is exposed to gamma rays, no change is noticed until the wiring is flexed or bent. The wire's insulation becomes brittle and will break and may cause shorts in the equipment. The effect on diodes and computer chips is a bit more complex. The gamma rays disrupt the crystalline nature of the inside of the electronic component. Its function is degraded and then fails as more gamma radiation exposure is received by the electronic component.
Gamma rays do not affect the signals within the device or the signals received by the device. Nonionizing radiation (like radio signals, microwaves, and electromagnetic pulses) DO mess with the signals within and received by the device. I put a cheap electronic game in my microwave oven at home. It arced and sparked and was totally ruined. I didn’t waste any more of my time playing that game.
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Mole fraction of Nacl is 0.173
Explanation:
we know that

where,
P
sol - the vapor pressure of the solution
χ solvent - the mole fraction of the solvent
P
∘
solvent - the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
This means that in order to be able to calculate the mole fraction of sodium chloride, you need to know what the vapor pressure of pure water is at
25
°
C You can use an online calculator to find that the vapor pressure of pure water at 25 C is equal to about 23.8 torr
.

=0.827
Also we know that

This means that the mole fraction of sodium chloride is
χ_{Nacl}= 1-Χ_{water}
= 1-0.827 =0.173
If it loses an electron, it will become an ion.
Answer:
Explanation:
the chemical equilibrium constant can be easily calculated since the concentrations at equilibrium are given.the calculation shows the value of Kc for the reversible reaction and forward reaction
The identity of the metal is copper.
<h3>What is specific heat?</h3>
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Using the formula of specific heat
H = mcdT
Where, H = Heat absorbed
m = mass of the metal
c = specific heat capacity of the metal
dT = temperature change
Putting the values in the equation
20 J = 0.0052 Kg × c × ( 40.0°C - 30.0°C)
c = 20 J/0.0052 Kg × ( 40.0°C - 30.0°C)
c = 385 JKg-1°C-1
Thus, the metal is copper.
Learn more about specific heat
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