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White raven [17]
3 years ago
5

21.13 The index of refraction of corundum (Al2O3) is anisotropic. Suppose that visible light is passing from one grain to anothe

r of different crystal-lographic orientation and at normal incidence to the grain boundary. Calculate the reflectivity at the boundary if the indices of refraction for the two grains are 1.757 and 1.779 in the direction of light propagation.
Engineering
1 answer:
d1i1m1o1n [39]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

3.87 x 10⁻⁵

Explanation:

Given parameters

normal incidence

refraction index of grain1, n₁ = 1.757

refraction index of grain2, n₂ = 1.779

to calculate reflectivity index between the two grains of different orientation an at normal incidence, we use the relation

R = [\frac{n2 - n1}{n2 + n1} ]^{2}

since the incidence is normal where R, is the index of relativity

R = [\frac{1.779 - 1.757}{1.779 + 1.757} ]^{2}

R = 3.87 x 10⁻⁵

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1. (5 pts) An adiabatic steam turbine operating reversibly in a powerplant receives 5 kg/s steam at 3000 kPa, 500 °C. Twenty per
KiRa [710]

Answer:

temperature of first extraction 330.8°C

temperature of second extraction 140.8°C

power output=3168Kw

Explanation:

Hello!

To solve this problem we must use the following steps.

1. We will call 1 the water vapor inlet, 2 the first extraction at 100kPa and 3 the second extraction at 200kPa

2. We use the continuity equation that states that the mass flow that enters must equal the two mass flows that leave

m1=m2+m3

As the problem says, 20% of the flow represents the first extraction for which 5 * 20% = 1kg / s

solving

5=1+m3

m3=4kg/s

3.

we find the enthalpies and temeperatures in each of the states, using thermodynamic tables

Through laboratory tests, thermodynamic tables were developed, these allow to know all the thermodynamic properties of a substance (entropy, enthalpy, pressure, specific volume, internal energy etc ..)  

through prior knowledge of two other properties

4.we find the enthalpy and entropy of state 1 using pressure and temperature

h1=Enthalpy(Water;T=T1;P=P1)

h1=3457KJ/kg

s1=Entropy(Water;T=T1;P=P1)

s1=7.234KJ/kg

4.

remembering that it is a reversible process we find the enthalpy and the temperature in the first extraction with the pressure 1000 kPa and the entropy of state 1

h2=Enthalpy(Water;s=s1;P=P2)

h2=3116KJ/kg

T2=Temperature(Water;P=P2;s=s1)

T2=330.8°C

5.we find the enthalpy and the temperature in the second extraction with the pressure 200 kPav y the entropy of state 1

h3=Enthalpy(Water;s=s1;P=P3)

h3=2750KJ/kg

T3=Temperature(Water;P=P3;s=s1)

T3=140.8°C

6.

Finally, to find the power of the turbine, we must use the first law of thermodynamics that states that the energy that enters is the same that must come out.

For this case, the turbine uses a mass flow of 5kg / s until the first extraction, and then uses a mass flow of 4kg / s for the second extraction, taking into account the above we infer the following equation

W=m1(h1-h2)+m3(h2-h3)

W=5(3457-3116)+4(3116-2750)=3168Kw

7 0
3 years ago
When replacing a timing belt, many experts and vehicle manufacturers recommend that all of the following should be replaced exce
lora16 [44]

Answer:

Correct Answer:

A. water pump

Explanation:

<em>Timing belt in a vehicle helps to ensure that crankshaft, pistons and valves operate together in proper sequence.</em> Timing belts are lighter, quieter and more efficient than chains that was previously used in vehicles.

<em>Most car manufacturers recommended that, when replacing timing belt, tension assembly, water pump, camshaft oil seal should also be replaced with it at same time. </em>

7 0
3 years ago
Before cutting coarse screw threads, the operator should lubricate: A. The leadscrew and gearbox B. The ways and cross slide C.
Maksim231197 [3]

Answer:

(d) all of the above

Explanation:

before cutting the screw threads the operator should lubricate all of the machine parts given in the option that is lead screw and gearbox , the ways and the cross slide and the carriage and half-nuts. we should use lubrication because it reduces the overall system friction and if friction is reduced then heat generated due to friction is also decreases which is beneficial

so option (D) will be correct because we need lubricate in all the given parts  

8 0
3 years ago
What is the braks mean effictive pressure?
OverLord2011 [107]

Engine cylinder pressure

<u>Explanation:</u>

  1. Brake mean effective pressure is a method to calculate  the engine cylinder pressure which  would give the measured brake horsepower. Brake mean effective pressure is used to identify engine efficiency regardless of capacity or engine speed.
  2. It is used to identify engine efficiency.It is measured by means of transducers or pressure gauges.
  3. It is the measure of engine capacity to do work.

7 0
3 years ago
Who was part of dempwolf his firm when he first started
Zinaida [17]

Explanation:

Dempwolf created by John Augustus, Among the most prominent innovative solutions in Southern California Pennsylvania was established by Dempwolf with  brother Reinhardt or uncle's son Frederick entered the company of J.A. Dozens of structures in 10 states were engineered by Dempwolf.

5 0
3 years ago
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