Answer:
The refracted angle will be less than the angle of incidence and the speed of light is slower in the new medium (which is water) and is closer to the normal. 
Try remembering this by using FST SFA (Fast Sofa) 
                                              Fast -> Slow = Towards the normal
                                              Slow -> Fast = Away from normal
 
        
             
        
        
        
A) Expanding. We know this because it has a similar effect with sound. When a car goes by the pitch gets deeper and deeper. It's because you're receiving less waves. Same thing for light but instead of a pitch it's light, and the farther spread the waves - the redder, the closer and more contracted - the bluer
        
             
        
        
        
Maybe the water wasnt stable enough and probably couldnt read the water level correctly
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Instead of asking this question go and study 
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
   (E) a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible
Explanation:
The trade is one strong reflection for many weak reflections (and more dangerous near-Earth space travel).
None of the answer choices except the last one has anything to do with the effect of exploding a satellite. When you are arguing that exploding a satellite is ill conceived, you need to address specifically the effects of exploding the satellite.