To solve this problem it is necessary to apply the law of Malus which describes the change in the Intensity of Light when it crosses a polarized surface.
Mathematically the expression is given as

Where,
= Initial Intensity
I = Final Intensity after pass through the polarizer
= Angle between the polarizer and the light
Since it is sought to reduce the intensity by half the relationship between the two intensities will be given as

Using the Malus Law we have,





Angle with respect to maximum is 
Answer:
C. 
Explanation:
Let initial charges on both spheres be,

When the sphere C is touched by A, the final charges on both will be,
#Now, when C is touched by B, the final charges on both of them will be:

Now the force between A and B is calculated as:

Hence the electrostatic force becomes 3F/8
Answer:
The final acceleration becomes (1/3) of the initial acceleration.
Explanation:
The second law of motion gives the relationship between the net force, mass and the acceleration of an object. It is given by :

m = mass
a = acceleration
According to given condition, if the mass of a sliding block is tripled while a constant net force is applied. We need to find how much does the acceleration decrease.

Let a' is the final acceleration,

m' = 3m



So, the final acceleration becomes (1/3) of the initial acceleration. Hence, this is the required solution.
Answer
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Explanation:
When pH of the solution is 11.
..(1)
At pH = 11, the concentration of ions is .
When the pH of the solution is 6.
..(2)
At pH = 6, the concentration of ions is .
On dividing (1) by (2).
The ratio of hydrogen ions in solution of pH equal to 11 to the solution of pH equal to 6 is .
Difference between the ions at both pH:
This means that Hydrogen ions in a solution at pH = 7 has ions fewer than in a solution at a pH = 6
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