Answer:

Explanation:
When the unpolarized light passes through the first polarizer, only the component of the light parallel to the axis of the polarizer passes through.
Therefore, after the first polarizer, the intensity of light passing through it is halved, so the intensity after the first polarizer is:

Then, the light passes through the second polarizer. In this case, the intensity of the light passing through the 2nd polarizer is given by Malus' law:

where
is the angle between the axes of the two polarizer
Here we have

So the intensity after the 2nd polarizer is

And substituting the expression for I1, we find:

Answer: A
Explanation:
Isotopes of different elements differ by the number of neutrons inside the nucleus.
Every point on the surface must have the same rotational speed.
Otherwise some places would rotate away from other places.
If the next block of your city rotated faster than the block that you live on,
then you could sit at home, look out the window, and watch your school
rotate past your house.
The map of the continents on the Earth would change constantly.
I would say that this is the first law of thermodynamics.
The complete statement is "chemical properties can be observed only when the substance in a sample of matter are changing into different substance".
It states a key concept in chemistry.
A chemical property is the ability of a substance, element or compound, to <em>transform</em> into other substances either <em>by decomposing or by combining</em> with one or more substances.
This transformation is defined as chemical reaction.
During chemical reactions some chemical bonds are broken and others are formed leading to the formation of one or more different substances called products.
Some examples of chemical properties are: reactivity with oxygen, reactivity with water, acidity, basicity, oxidation, reduction. The only way to tell if a substance has certain chemical property is by letting it react and so observe the change of the original substance into one or more different substances.