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Jet001 [13]
3 years ago
14

A specimen of commercially pure copper has a strength of 240 MPa. Estimate its average grain diameter using the Hall-Petch equat

ion.
Engineering
1 answer:
romanna [79]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

3.115× 10^{-3} meter

Explanation:

hall-petch constant for copper is given by

      S_0=25 MPa

      k=0.12 for copper

now according to hall-petch equation

S_Y=S_0 +\frac{K}{\sqrt{D}}

240=25+\frac{0.12}{\sqrt{D}}

D=3.115× 10^{-3} meter

so the grain diameter using the hall-petch equation=3.115×  10^{-3} meter

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A four-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine has a bore of 3.7 in. and a stroke of 3.4 in. The clearance volume is 16
abruzzese [7]

Answer:

1) The three possible assumptions are

a) All processes are reversible internally

b) Air, which is the working fluid circulates continuously in a closed loop

cycle

c) The process of combustion is depicted as a heat addition process

2) The diagrams are attached

5) The net work per cycle is 845.88 kJ/kg

The power developed in horsepower ≈ 45374 hP

Explanation:

1) The three possible assumptions are

a) All processes are reversible internally

b) Air, which is the working fluid circulates continuously in a closed loop

cycle

c) The process of combustion is depicted as a heat addition process

2) The diagrams are attached

5) The dimension of the cylinder bore diameter = 3.7 in. = 0.09398 m

Stroke length = 3.4 in. = 0.08636 m.

The volume of the cylinder v₁= 0.08636 ×(0.09398²)/4 = 5.99×10⁻⁴ m³

The clearance volume = 16% of cylinder volume = 0.16×5.99×10⁻⁴ m³

The clearance volume, v₂  = 9.59 × 10⁻⁵ m³

p₁ = 14.5 lbf/in.² = 99973.981 Pa

T₁ = 60 F = 288.706 K

\dfrac{T_{2}}{T_{1}} = \left (\dfrac{v_{1}}{v_{2}}  \right )^{K-1}

Otto cycle T-S diagram

T₂ = 288.706*6.25^{0.393} = 592.984 K

The maximum temperature = T₃ = 5200 R = 2888.89 K

\dfrac{T_{3}}{T_{4}} = \left (\dfrac{v_{4}}{v_{3}}  \right )^{K-1}

T₄ = 2888.89 / 6.25^{0.393} = 1406.5 K

Work done, W = c_v×(T₃ - T₂) - c_v×(T₄ - T₁)

0.718×(2888.89  - 592.984) - 0.718×(1406.5 - 288.706) = 845.88 kJ/kg

The power developed in an Otto cycle = W×Cycle per second

= 845.88 × 2400 / 60  = 33,835.377 kW = 45373.99 ≈ 45374 hP.

8 0
4 years ago
Marcus wants to pursue a career in civil engineering. He aims to work for the city council as a civil engineer. What examination
Rzqust [24]

Answer:

Marcus would have to take an exam administered by the national council of examiners for engineering and surveying.

Explanation:

Civil engineers design, construct, and maintain projects regarding infrastructure. A civil engineer also looks after the systems in the public and private sectors like roads, buildings, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.

In order to pursue a career in civil engineering, Marcus aims to work for the city council as a civil engineer. Therefore, he would have to take an exam administered by the national council of examiners for engineering and surveying.

6 0
3 years ago
g A steel water pipe has an inner diameter of 12 in. and a wall thickness of 0.25 in. Determine the longitudinal and hoop stress
zvonat [6]

Answer:

a) \mathbf{\sigma _ 1 = 4800 psi}

     \mathbf{ \sigma _2 = 0}

b)\mathbf{\sigma _ 1 = 6000 psi}

  \mathbf{ \sigma _2 = 3000 psi}

Explanation:

Given that:

diameter d = 12 in

thickness t = 0.25 in

the radius = d/2 = 12 / 2 = 6 in

r/t = 6/0.25 = 24

24 > 10

Using the  thin wall cylinder formula;

The valve A is opened and the flowing water has a pressure P of 200 psi.

So;

\sigma_{hoop} = \sigma _ 1 = \frac{Pd}{2t}

\sigma_{long} = \sigma _2 = 0

\sigma _ 1 = \frac{Pd}{2t} \\ \\ \sigma _ 1 = \frac{200(12)}{2(0.25)}

\mathbf{\sigma _ 1 = 4800 psi}

b)The valve A is closed and the water pressure P is 250 psi.

where P = 250 psi

\sigma_{hoop} = \sigma _ 1 = \frac{Pd}{2t}

\sigma_{long} = \sigma _2 = \frac{Pd}{4t}

\sigma _ 1 = \frac{Pd}{2t} \\ \\ \sigma _ 1 = \frac{250*(12)}{2(0.25)}

\mathbf{\sigma _ 1 = 6000 psi}

\sigma _2 = \frac{Pd}{4t} \\ \\  \sigma _2 = \frac{250(12)}{4(0.25)}

\mathbf{ \sigma _2 = 3000 psi}

The free flow body diagram showing the state of stress on a volume element located on the wall at point B is attached in the diagram below

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4 years ago
What is the instantaneous center of zero velocity? List two approaches for determining the is the instantaneous center of zero v
Lera25 [3.4K]

Explanation:

Instantaneous center:

   It is the center about a body moves in planer motion.The velocity of Instantaneous center is zero and Instantaneous center can be lie out side or inside the body.About this center every particle of a body rotates.

From the diagram

Where these two lines will cut then it will the I-Center.Point A and B is moving perpendicular to the point I.

If we take three link link1,link2 and link3 then I center of these three link will be in one straight line It means that they will be co-linear.

I_{12},I_{23},I_{31} all\ are\ co-linear.

5 0
3 years ago
What did the Spanish have that the Aztecs didn’t
notsponge [240]

Answer:

The Spanish brought chickenpox, smallpox, measles, mumps, and rubella to the new world. These diseases killed 75% of the Native Americans. ... The advantages that the Spanish had over the Aztecs were 16 horses, guns, armor, formed alliances, and diseases, steel.

Explanation:

I hope this helped!

6 0
3 years ago
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