Benzene can be nitrated with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. How do we do that?
1 answer:
Answer:
We can do the nitration of benzene by treating the benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid by not extending the temperature of 50°C
Explanation:
Nitration of benzene takes place by treating the benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid at low temperatures such as the temperatures below 50°C
The nitration of benzene takes place through electrophilic substitution reaction
In this reaction the electrophile is nitronium ion (NO2+) which performs an electrophilic substitution reaction on the benzene ring and during the reaction an intermediate will also be formed in which there will be positive charge distributed in the benzene
These electrophile is generated when nitric acid is treated with sulphuric acid
As nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent, here in this case the oxidation state of nitrogen will change from +5 to +3
The reactions regarding the nitration of benzene is present in the file attached
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Answer:
The change in the pH (ΔpH) is 2,17
Explanation:
The reaction:
CH₃NH₂(aq) + H₂O(aq) ⇌ CH₃NH₃⁺(aq) + OH⁻
<em>(1)</em>
In equilibrium, a solution of CH₃NH₂ 4,7M produces:
[CH₃NH₂] = 4,7 - x
[CH₃NH₃⁺] = x
[OH⁻] = x
Replacing in (1):
x² + 4,38x10⁻⁴x - 2,0586x10⁻³ = 0
The solutions are:
x = -0,0456 No physical sense. There are not negative concentrations.
x = 0,04515 Real answer.
The concentration of [OH⁻] is 0,04515 M.
As pOH = -log [OH⁻] And pH+pOH = 14. The pH of this solution is:
<em>pH = 12,65</em>
The addition of 6,7M produce this changes in concentrations:
[CH₃NH₂] = 4,656 + x
[CH₃NH₃⁺] = 6,74515 - x
[OH⁻] = 0,04515 - x
Replacing in (1) you will obtain:
x² - 6,7907x + 0,3025 = 0
Solving for x:
x = 6,74586 No physical sense
x = 0,04484 Real answer.
Thus, [OH⁻] = 0,04515 - 0,044842 = 3,08x10⁻⁴M
pOH = 3,51.
<em>pH = 10,49</em>
Thus ΔpH is 12,65 - 10,49 = <em>2,16 ≈ 2,17</em>
I hope it helps!
Answer: hydroxide ions
Explanation:
According to the Arrhenius concept, an acid is a substance that ionizes in the water to give hydronium ion or hydrogen ion and a bases is a substance that ionizes in the water to give hydroxide ion .
According to the Bronsted Lowry conjugate acid-base theory, an acid is defined as a substance which donates protons and a base is defined as a substance which accepts protons.
According to the Lewis concept, an acid is defined as a substance that accepts electron pairs and base is defined as a substance which donates electron pairs.
As KOH can give hydroxide ions on dissociation , it is considered as arrhenius base.