Benzene can be nitrated with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. How do we do that?
1 answer:
Answer:
We can do the nitration of benzene by treating the benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid by not extending the temperature of 50°C
Explanation:
Nitration of benzene takes place by treating the benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid at low temperatures such as the temperatures below 50°C
The nitration of benzene takes place through electrophilic substitution reaction
In this reaction the electrophile is nitronium ion (NO2+) which performs an electrophilic substitution reaction on the benzene ring and during the reaction an intermediate will also be formed in which there will be positive charge distributed in the benzene
These electrophile is generated when nitric acid is treated with sulphuric acid
As nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent, here in this case the oxidation state of nitrogen will change from +5 to +3
The reactions regarding the nitration of benzene is present in the file attached
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Answer:
a. A buffer solution reacts with basic solutions.
c. A buffer solution reacts with acidic solutions.
e. A buffer solution resists small changes in pH
Explanation:
1. Buffer questions
a, c, and e are TRUE. A buffer resists a change in the pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added to it.
b is wrong. A buffer can have a pH of 7, but it can also have many other pH values.
d is wrong. Most buffers are colourless, and they resist a change in pH.
2. Titration curves
The solution is the best buffer at the mid-point of the titration curve.
In the figure below, the equivalence point is at 13 mL, so the mid-point is at 6.5 mL.
The solution is buffered at pH 3.2.
However, the solution is a buffer at any point in the range pH = 3.2 ± 1.
That would be in the range of 1 mL to 12 mL.
The buffering ability becomes worse the further you are from the mid-point of the titration.
