Gamma rays are the highest energy EM radiation and typically have energies greater than 100 keV, frequencies greater than 1019 Hz, and wavelengths less than 10 picometers.
Answer: D. it has been demonstrated to be without exception under certain stated conditions.
Explanation:
A <u>Law</u> is an affirmation (something established) based on repeated long-term observation of a phenomenon that has been studied and verified.
That is: A law is present in all known theories and therefore is considered universal. In addition, a law can not be refuted, nor changed, because its precepts have been proven through various studies.
<u>Unlike theory</u>, which is the set of rules and principles that describe and explain a particular phenomenon and <u>is subject to changes as new evidence emerges that gives meaning to it. </u>
Then, based on what is explained above, the law of universal gravitation is a statement that exists because it was rigorously tested and verified, therefore it can not be refuted.
You have effectively got two capacitors in parallel. The effective capacitance is just the sum of the two.
Cequiv = ε₀A/d₁ + ε₀A/d₂ Take these over a common denominator (d₁d₂)
Cequiv = ε₀d₂A + ε₀d₁A / (d₁d₂) Cequiv = ε₀A( (d₁ + d₂) / (d₁d₂) )
B) It's tempting to just wave your arms and say that when d₁ or d₂ tends to zero C -> ∞, so the minimum will occur in the middle, where d₁ = d₂
But I suppose we ought to kick that idea around a bit.
(d₁ + d₂) is effectively a constant. It's the distance between the two outer plates. Call it D.
C = ε₀AD / d₁d₂ We can also say: d₂ = D - d₁ C = ε₀AD / d₁(D - d₁) C = ε₀AD / d₁D - d₁²
Differentiate with respect to d₁
dC/dd₁ = -ε₀AD(D - 2d₁) / (d₁D - d₁²)² {d2C/dd₁² is positive so it will give us a minimum} For max or min equate to zero.
-ε₀AD(D - 2d₁) / (d₁D - d₁²)² = 0 -ε₀AD(D - 2d₁) = 0 ε₀, A, and D are all non-zero, so (D - 2d₁) = 0 d₁ = ½D
In other words when the middle plate is halfway between the two outer plates, (quelle surprise) so that
d₁ = d₂ = ½D so
Cmin = ε₀AD / (½D)² Cmin = 4ε₀A / D Cmin = 4ε₀A / (d₁ + d₂)
Answer:
maximumforce is F = mg
Explanation:
For this case we must use Newton's second law,
Σ F = m a
bold indicate vectors, so we will write it in its components x and y
X axis
Fₓ = maₓ
Axis y
Fy - W = m a
Now let's examine our case, with indicate that the bird is level, the force of the wings can have a measured angle with respect to the x axis, where the vertical component is responsible for the lift, let's use trigonometry to find the components
Cos θ = Fₓ / F
Fₓ = F cos θ
sin θ = Fy / F
Fy = F sin θ
Let's replace and calculate
F sin θ -w = m a
As the bird indicates that leveling at the same height, so the vertical acceleration is zero (ay = 0)
F sin θ = w = mg
The maximum value of this equation occurs when the sin=1, in this case
F = mg
