The question is asking to describe and state and calculate what do the observer on the earth measure for the speed of the laser beam, and base on my research, the answer would be v = 1bc, I hope you are satisfied with my answer and feel free to ask for more
Answer:
The heat loss per unit length is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The outer diameter of the pipe is 
The thickness is
The temperature of water is
The outside air temperature is 
The water side heat transfer coefficient is 
The heat transfer coefficient is 
The heat lost per unit length is mathematically represented as
![\frac{Q}{L} = \frac{2 \pi (T - Ta)}{ \frac{ln [\frac{d}{D} ]}{z_1} + \frac{ln [\frac{d}{D} ]}{z_2}}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7BQ%7D%7BL%7D%20%20%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B2%20%5Cpi%20%28T%20-%20Ta%29%7D%7B%20%5Cfrac%7Bln%20%5B%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7BD%7D%20%5D%7D%7Bz_1%7D%20%20%2B%20%20%5Cfrac%7Bln%20%5B%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7BD%7D%20%5D%7D%7Bz_2%7D%7D)
Substituting values
![\frac{Q}{L} = \frac{2 * 3.142 (363 - 263)}{ \frac{ln [\frac{0.104}{0.002} ]}{300} + \frac{ln [\frac{0.104}{0.002} ]}{20}}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7BQ%7D%7BL%7D%20%20%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B2%20%2A%203.142%20%28363%20-%20263%29%7D%7B%20%5Cfrac%7Bln%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B0.104%7D%7B0.002%7D%20%5D%7D%7B300%7D%20%20%2B%20%20%5Cfrac%7Bln%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B0.104%7D%7B0.002%7D%20%5D%7D%7B20%7D%7D)


Explanation:
If you like my answer than please mark me brainliest thanks
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
The magnitude of the gravitational force depends inversely on the square of the radial distance between the centers of the two masses. Thus, essentially, the force can only fall to zero, when the denominator that is r becomes infinite.
Explanation:
The solute does not have to be in the same physical state as the solvent, but the physical state of the solvent usually determines the state of the solution. As long as the solute and solvent combine to give a homogeneous solution, the solute is said to be soluble in the solvent.