Ionic: transfer of electrons
Covalent: sharing of electrons
Metallic: sharing of free electrons in a structure of cations
To make 1 Molar solution of hemoglobin ; 1600 grams of hemoglobin will be dissolved in 1 liter of water
The molecular weight of Hemoglobin is approximately 16,000 Daltons, when hemoglobin is converted to mM
16000 Dalton = 16000 ( g/mol )
given that 1 Dalton = 1 g/mol
To make 1 molar solution of hemoglobin using 1 liter of water
1 liter = 1000 grams
16000 Dalton = 16000 g/mol
Hence 16,000 grams of Hemoglobin is required to make 1 Molar solution of hemoglobin using 1 liter of water.
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Answer:
A reaction is non-spontaneous at any temperature when the Gibbs free energy > 0.
Explanation:
There is a state function, that determines if a reaction is sponaneous or non spontaneous:
ΔG = Gibbs free energy
A reaction is non spontaneous when it does require energy to produce that reaction. It will be spontaneous, when the reaction does not require energy to be occured.
The formula is: ΔG = ΔH - T.ΔS
ΔH → Enthalpy → Energy gained or realeased as heat.
ΔH < 0 → <em>Exothermic reaction. Spontaneity is favored
</em>
T → Temperature
ΔS → Entropy → Degree of disorder of a system.
When the system has a considered disorder ΔS > 0, disorder increases.
When the system is more ordered, ΔS < 0, disorder decreases.
The reaction will be non spontaneous if, the enthalpy is positive (endothermic reaction) and the ΔS < 0 (disorder decreases). It will not occur if we do not give energy.
ΔG < 0 → Spontaneous reaction
ΔG > 0 → Non spontaneous reaction
ΔG = 0 → System in equilibrium
