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3 years ago

15 POINTS FOR ANYONE WHO CAN ANSWER THIS!!!!!! plZ

Chemistry

1 answer:

yaroslaw [1]3 years ago

8 0

Answer:

A. 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) —> 2AlCl3(s)

B. 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) —> 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

C. H2(g) + Br2(l) —> 2HBr(g)

Explanation:

A. Reaction between aluminium metal and chlorine gas.

Al(s) + Cl2(g) —> AlCl3(s)

The above equation can be balance as follow:

There are 2 atoms of Cl on the left side and 3 atoms on the right side. It can be balance by putting 3 in front of Cl2 and 2 in front of AlCl3 as shown below:

Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) —> 2AlCl3(s)

There are 2 atoms of Al on the right side and 1 atom on the left side. It can be balance by putting 2 in front of Al as shown below:

2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) —> 2AlCl3(s)

Now the equation is balanced.

B. Reaction between lithium metal and liquid water.

Li(s) + H2O(l) —> LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

The above equation can be balance as follow:

There are 2 atoms of H on the left side and a total of 3 atoms on the right side. It can be balance by putting 2 in front of H2O and 2 in front of LiOH as shown below:

Li(s) + 2H2O(l) —> 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

There are 2 atoms of Li on the right side and 1 atom on the left side. It can be balance by putting 2 in front of Li as shown below:

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) —> 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

Now, the equation is balanced.

C. Reaction between gaseous hydrogen and liquid bromine.

H2(g) + Br2(l) —> HBr(g)

The above equation can be balance as follow:

There are 2 atoms of H on the left side and 1 atom on the right. It can be balance by putting 2 in front of HBr as shown below:

H2(g) + Br2(l) —> 2HBr(g)

Now the equation is balanced.

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We can apply ΔSθsys/surr/tot ideas to chemical changes to test feasibility of a reaction:

ΔSθtot = ΔSθsys + ΔSθsurr

ΔSθtot must be >=0 for a chemical change to be feasible.

For example: CaCO3(s) ==> CaO(s) + CO2(g)

ΔSθsys = ΣSθproducts – ΣSθreactants

ΔSθsys = SθCaO(s) + SθCO2(g) – SθCaCO3(s)

ΔSθsurr is –ΔHθ/T(K) and ΔH is very endothermic (very +ve),

Now ΔSθsys is approximately constant with temperature and at room temperature the ΔSθsurr term is too negative for ΔSθtot to be plus overall.

But, as the temperature is raised, the ΔSθsurr term becomes less negative and eventually at about 800oCΔSθtot becomes plus overall (and ΔGθ becomes negative), so the decomposition is now chemically, and 'commercially' feasible in a lime kiln.

CaCO3(s) ==> CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔHθ = +179 kJ mol–1 (very endothermic)

This important industrial reaction for converting limestone (calcium carbonate) to lime (calcium oxide) has to be performed at high temperatures in a specially designed limekiln – which these days, basically consists of a huge rotating angled ceramic lined steel tube in which a mixture of limestone plus coal/coke/oil/gas? is fed in at one end and lime collected at the lower end. The mixture is ignited and excess air blasted through to burn the coal/coke and maintain a high operating temperature.
ΔSθsys = ΣSθproducts – ΣSθreactants
ΔSθsys = SθCaO(s) + SθCO2(g) – SθCaCO3(s) = (40.0) + (214.0) – (92.9) = +161.0 J mol–1 K–1
ΔSθsurr is –ΔHθ/T = –(179000/T)
ΔSθtot = ΔSθsys + ΔSθsurr
ΔSθtot = (+161) + (–179000/T) = 161 – 179000/T
If we then substitute various values of T (in Kelvin) you can calculate when the reaction becomes feasible.
For T = 298K (room temperature)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/298 = –439.7 J mol–1 K–1, no good, negative entropy change

For T = 500K (fairly high temperature for an industrial process)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/500 = –197.0, still no good

For T = 1200K (limekiln temperature)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/1200 = +11.8 J mol–1 K–1, definitely feasible, overall positive entropy change

Now assuming ΔSθsys is approximately constant with temperature change and at room temperature the ΔSθsurr term is too negative for ΔSθtot to be plus overall. But, as the temperature is raised, the ΔSθsurr term becomes less negative and eventually at about 800–900oC ΔSθtot becomes plus overall, so the decomposition is now chemically, and 'commercially' feasible in a lime kiln.
You can approach the problem in another more efficient way by solving the total entropy expression for T at the point when the total entropy change is zero. At this point calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are at equilibrium.
ΔSθtot–equilib = 0 = 161 – 179000/T, 179000/T = 161, T = 179000/161 = 1112 K

This means that 1112 K is the minimum temperature to get an economic yield. Well at first sight anyway. In fact because the carbon dioxide is swept away in the flue gases so an equilibrium is never truly attained so limestone continues to decompose even at lower temperatures.

8 0

3 years ago

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