Answer:
In physics, a frame of reference, or reference frame, is a perspective that one uses to determine if an object is moving.
Explanation:
You've described two (2) axes of motion.
The third one would have been up-and-down.
Answer: Some challenges that I could see would be the walls, possibly a moat, tar, and the towers.
Explanation: The wall is obliviously a main problem, trying to get over it or through it is a difficult challenge. The moat (if it has one) means that there is more than likely only one way to get in or out. If it does have tar it means that the attackers are going to be put in a "sticky situation" And finally the towers, they have people at the top shooting arrows down at you, or throwing things at you.
A machine can never be 100% efficient because some work is always lost
due to the lack of materials or equipment that would convert work by 100%. It follows
the second law of entropy. The ideal engine is known as Carnot’s engine having
a 100% efficiency. So far, no engine has ever gotten to 100%.