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Elenna [48]
3 years ago
12

write equations to show the chemical processes which occur when the first ionization and the second ionization energies of lithi

um are measured? ​
Chemistry
1 answer:
diamong [38]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

First ionization of lithium:

\text{Li}\;(g)\to \text{Li}^{+} \; (g) + \text{e}^{-}.

Second ionization of lithium:

\text{Li}^{+}\;(g) \to\text{Li}^{2+} \;(g) + \text{e}^{-}.

Explanation:

The ionization energy of an element is the energy required to remove the outermost electron from an atom or ion of the element in gaseous state. (Refer to your textbook for a more precise definition.) Some features of the equation:

  • Start with a gaseous atom (for the first ionization energy only) or a gaseous ion. Write the gaseous state symbol (g) next to any atom or ion in the equation.
  • The product shall contain one gaseous ion and one electron. The charge on the ion shall be the same as the order of the ionization energy. For the second ionization energy, the ion shall carry a charge of +2.
  • Charge shall balance on the two sides of the equation.

First Ionization Energy of Li:

  • The products shall contain a gaseous ion with charge +1 \text{Li}^{+}\;(g) as well as an electron \text{e}^{-}.
  • Charge shall balance on the two sides. There's no net charge on the product side. Neither shall there be a charge on the reactant side. The only reactant shall be a lithium atom which is both gaseous and neutral: \text{Li}\;(g).
  • Hence the equation: \text{Li}\;(g) \to \text{Li}^{+}\;(g) + \text{e}^{-}.

Second Ionization Energy of Li:

  • The product shall contain a gaseous ion with charge +2: \text{Li}^{2+}\;(g) as well as an electron \text{e}^{-}.
  • Charge shall balance on the two sides. What's the net charge on the product side? That shall also be the charge on the reactant side. What will be the reactant?
  • The equation for this process is \text{Li}^{+} \; (g) \to \text{Li}^{2+}\;(g) + \text{e}^{-}.
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Explanation:

Adhesion means the ability to stick on the surface of another substance.

Water exhibits adhesive forces due to which it is able to stick to the glass.  Due to adhesive forces water spreads over the surface of glass and sticks to it.

These adhesive forces between the glass and water enough that it deforms the spherical shape of water molecules and help them stick to the surface of glass. As a result, adhesive forces overcome the repulsion between like molecules.

Hence, water is able to “stick” to the side of glass due to strong adhesive forces.


4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
How many moles of methane are produced when 85.1 moles of carbon dioxide gas react with excess hydrogen gas?
tino4ka555 [31]

Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 340.0 moles  of methane are produced when 85.1 moles of carbon dioxide gas react with excess hydrogen gas

<h3>Reaction stoichiometry</h3>

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

CO₂ + 4 H₄  → CH₄ + 2 H₂O

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

  • CO₂: 1 mole
  • H₄: 4 moles  
  • CH₄: 1 mole
  • H₂O: 2 moles

<h3>Moles of CH₄ formed</h3>

The following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 1 mole of CO₂ form 4 moles of CH₄, 85.1 moles of CO₂ form how many moles of CH₄?

moles of CH_{4} =\frac{85.1 moles of CO_{2}x4 moles of CH_{4} }{1 moles of CO_{2}}

<u><em>moles of CH₄= 340.4 moles</em></u>

Then, 340.0 moles  of methane are produced when 85.1 moles of carbon dioxide gas react with excess hydrogen gas

Learn more about the reaction stoichiometry:

brainly.com/question/24741074

brainly.com/question/24653699

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6 0
2 years ago
What is the molarity of 225 grams of Cu(NO2)2 in a total volume of 2.59 L?
Kay [80]

Answer:

The molarity is 0.56\frac{moles}{L}

Explanation:

In a mixture, the chemical present in the greatest amount is called a solvent, while the other components are called solutes. Then, the molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

In other words, molarity is the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.

The Molarity of a solution is determined by:

Molarity (M)=\frac{number of moles of solute}{Volume}

Molarity is expressed in units (\frac{moles}{liter}).

Then you must know the number of moles of Cu(NO₂)₂. For that it is necessary to know the molar mass. Being:

  • Cu: 63.54 g/mol
  • N: 14 g/mol
  • O: 16 g/mol

the molar mass of Cu(NO₂)₂ is:

Cu(NO₂)₂= 63.54 g/mol + 2*(14 g/mol + 2* 16 g/mol)= 155.54 g/mol

Now the following rule of three applies: if 155.54 g are in 1 mole of the compound, 225 g in how many moles are they?

moles=\frac{225 g*1 mole}{155.54 g}

moles= 1.45

So you know:

  • number of moles of solute= 1.45 moles
  • volume=2.59 L

Replacing in the definition of molarity:

Molarity=\frac{1.45 moles}{2.59 L}

Molarity= 0.56\frac{moles}{L}

<u><em>The molarity is 0.56</em></u>\frac{moles}{L}<u><em></em></u>

5 0
3 years ago
The acid-dissociation constant for benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) is 6.3×10−5. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of H3O+ in the s
raketka [301]

Answer : The equilibrium concentration of H_3O^+ in the solution is, 2.1\times 10^{-3}M

Explanation :

The dissociation of acid reaction is:

                       C_6H_5COOH+H_2O\rightarrow H_3O^++C_6H_5COO^-

Initial conc.        c                                 0                0

At eqm.             c-x                                 x                x

Given:

c = 7.0\times 10^{-2}M

K_a=6.3\times 10^{-5}

The expression of dissociation constant of acid is:

K_a=\frac{[H_3O^+][C_6H_5COO^-]}{[C_6H_5COOH]}

K_a=\frac{(x)\times (x)}{(c-x)}

Now put all the given values in this expression, we get:

6.3\times 10^{-5}=\frac{(x)\times (x)}{[(7.0\times 10^{-2})-x]}

x=2.1\times 10^{-3}M

Thus, the equilibrium concentration of H_3O^+ in the solution is, 2.1\times 10^{-3}M

4 0
3 years ago
Which material does not melt at any temperature?
lord [1]

Answer: Option (c) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Wood is a mixture of different substances. Primarily it consists of cellulose, lignin, water etc.

When we heat wood then all these substance oxidize into the atmosphere even before they could melt.

Whereas iron, sodium chloride and ethanol all are the substances which can melt at any temperature.

Thus, we can conclude that out of the given options, wood, a mixture of different substances is a material that does not melt at any temperature.

6 0
3 years ago
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