<span>In Ionic type of bonding, electrons are lost (more
protons than electrons and positive charge) or gained (more electrons than
protons, still a negative charge) by atoms, and the atoms are held together by
electrical attraction in the process. Covalent bondings are the sharing of electrons
as well as partial bondings. Covalent bondings’ electrons have the same charges
thus, there is no gaining or losing electrons in the process of sharing. Strong
bondings are applicable only to Hydrogen (H) atoms. </span>
To explain, I will use the equations for kinetic and potential energy:
<h3>Potential energy </h3>
Potential energy is the potential an object has to move due to gravity. An object can only have potential energy if 1) <u>gravity is present</u> and 2) <u>it is above the ground at height h</u>. If gravity = 0 or height = 0, there is no potential energy. Example:
An object of 5 kg is sitting on a table 5 meters above the ground on earth (g = 9.8 m/s^2). What is the object's gravitational potential energy? <u>(answer: 5*5*9.8 = 245 J</u>)
(gravitational potential energy is potential energy)
<h3>Kinetic energy</h3>
Kinetic energy is the energy of an object has while in motion. An object can only have kinetic energy if the object has a non-zero velocity (it is moving and not stationary). An example:
An object of 5 kg is moving at 5 m/s. What is the object's kinetic energy? (<u>answer: 5*5 = 25 J</u>)
<h3>Kinetic and Potential Energy</h3>
Sometimes, an object can have both kinetic and potential energy. If an object is moving (kinetic energy) and is above the ground (potential), it will have both. To find the total (mechanical) energy, you can add the kinetic and potential energies together. An example:
An object of 5 kg is moving on a 5 meter table at 10 m/s. What is the objects mechanical (total) energy? (<u>answer: KE = .5(5)(10^2) = 250 J; PE = (5)(9.8)(5) = 245 J; total: 245 + 250 = 495 J</u>)
<span>118 C
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is useful in calculating the boiling point of a liquid at various pressures. It is:
Tb = 1/(1/T0 - R ln(P/P0)/Hvap)
where
Tb = Temperature boiling
R = Ideal Gas Constant (8.3144598 J/(K*mol) )
P = Pressure of interest
Hvap = Heat of vaporization of the liquid
T0, P0 = Temperature and pressure at a known point.
The temperatures are absolute temperatures.
We know that water boils at 100C at 14.7 psi. Yes, it's ugly to be mixing metric and imperial units like that. But since we're only interested in relative pressure differences, it's safe enough. So
P0 = 14.7
P = 14.7 + 12.3 = 27
T0 = 100 + 273.15 = 373.15
And for water, the heat of vaporization per mole is 40660 J/mol
Let's substitute the known values and calculate.
Tb = 1/(1/T0 - R ln(P/P0)/Hvap)
Tb = 1/(1/373.15 K - 8.3144598 J/(K*mol) ln(27/14.7)/40660 J/mol)
Tb = 1/(0.002679887 1/K - 8.3144598 1/K ln(1.836734694)/40660)
Tb = 1/(0.002679887 1/K - 8.3144598 1/K 0.607989372/40660)
Tb = 1/(0.002679887 1/K - 5.055103194 1/K /40660)
Tb = 1/(0.002679887 1/K - 0.000124326 1/K)
Tb = 1/(0.002555561 1/K)
Tb = 391.3034763 K
Tb = 391.3034763 K - 273.15
Tb = 118.1534763 C
Rounding to 3 significant figures gives 118 C</span>
Answer:
force of gravity
Explanation:
The force of gravity is that which draws the bodies towards the surface of the Earth.
The force of gravity brakes the objects that move up and accelerates those that move down. It causes a parabolic movement in what we throw upwards,
