Any form of succession will change the environment. That's why there is succession in the first place. With each stage of succession there will be greater biodiversity that results in a change in abiotic factors like soil composition, shade, humidity, weather, exposure, etc
Answer:
(a) 10 nm
(b) 1 Hz
(c) 20 V/m
Explanation
The equation of a progressive wave is given by:
y = Asin(kx ± ωt)
where;
A is the amplitude of the wave in meters
y(x,t) is the displacement in meters
k = 2π/λ is the propagation constant
ω = 2πf is the angular frequency in radian per seconds
The equation now becomes;
y = Asin((2πx)/λ ± 2πft)
(a) Comparing Ey= (20 V/m)sin((6.28x10⁸)x -2πft) with the general equation
(2πx)/λ = 6.28 × 10⁸
λ = 2π / 6.28 × 10⁸
λ = 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ m
λ = 10 × 10⁻⁹ m
λ = 10 nm
(b) Comparing Ey= (20 V/m)sin((6.28x10⁸)x -2πft) with the general equation
2πft = 2πft
f = 1 Hz
(c) Comparing Ey= (20 V/m)sin((6.28x10⁸)x -2πft) with the general equation
A = 20 V/m
Answer:
The thermal conductivity ![k = 1.4094 W/ m\cdot K](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=k%20%20%3D%201.4094%20%20%20W%2F%20m%5Ccdot%20K)
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The depth of the thermocouple from the surface is x = 10 mm = 0.01 m
The temperature is ![T_f = 100 ^o C](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=T_f%20%20%3D%20%20100%20%5Eo%20C)
The initial temperature is ![T_i = 30 ^o C](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=T_i%20%20%3D%20%2030%20%5Eo%20C)
The temperature of the thermocouple after t = 2 minutes( 2 * 60 = 120 \ seconds) is ![T_t = 65 ^o C](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=T_t%20%20%3D%20%2065%20%5Eo%20C)
The density of the material is ![\rho = 2200 kg/m^3](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Crho%20%3D%20%202200%20kg%2Fm%5E3)
The specific heat of the solid ![c_s = 700 J/kg \cdot K](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=c_s%20%20%3D%20%20700%20J%2Fkg%20%5Ccdot%20K)
Generally the equation for semi -infinite medium is mathematically as
![\frac{T_s - T }{T_i - T} = erf [\frac{x}{2 \sqrt{\alpha * t} } ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7BT_s%20-%20T%20%7D%7BT_i%20-%20T%7D%20%3D%20%20erf%20%5B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B2%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Calpha%20%20%2A%20t%7D%20%7D%20%5D)
![\frac{65 - 100 }{30 - 100} = erf [\frac{x}{2 \sqrt{\alpha * t} } ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7B65%20-%20100%20%7D%7B30%20-%20100%7D%20%3D%20%20erf%20%5B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B2%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Calpha%20%20%2A%20t%7D%20%7D%20%5D)
![0.5 = erf [\frac{0.01}{2 \sqrt{\alpha * 120} } ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=0.5%20%3D%20%20erf%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B0.01%7D%7B2%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Calpha%20%20%2A%20120%7D%20%7D%20%5D)
Here
is a constant with unit ![m^2 /s](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=m%5E2%20%2Fs)
this is from the Gaussian function table
![0.0 1 = 0.954 * (\sqrt{\alpha * 120 } )](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=0.0%201%20%3D%20%200.954%20%2A%20%28%5Csqrt%7B%5Calpha%20%2A%20120%20%20%7D%20%29)
=> ![\sqrt{\alpha * 120 } = \frac{0.01 }{0.954 }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Csqrt%7B%5Calpha%20%20%2A%20120%20%20%7D%20%3D%20%20%5Cfrac%7B0.01%20%7D%7B0.954%20%7D)
=> ![\alpha = 9.1525 *10^{-7} \ m^2 /s](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Calpha%20%3D%20%209.1525%20%2A10%5E%7B-7%7D%20%5C%20%20m%5E2%20%2Fs)
Generally the thermal conductivity is mathematically represented as
![k = \alpha * \rho * c_s](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=k%20%20%3D%20%20%5Calpha%20%20%2A%20%20%5Crho%20%2A%20c_s)
![k = 9.1525 *10^{-7} * 2200 * 700](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=k%20%20%3D%209.1525%20%2A10%5E%7B-7%7D%20%20%20%2A%20%202200%20%2A%20700)
![k = 1.4094 W/ m\cdot K](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=k%20%20%3D%201.4094%20%20%20W%2F%20m%5Ccdot%20K)
Carbon and chlorine atoms