Torque will produce rotation
Diagram A is the correct diagram
When light passes from one medium to another at an angle, it may refract, or bend, according to Snell's law:
n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)
n₁ = index of first medium, θ₁ = angle of incidence, n₂ = index of second medium, θ₂ = angle of refraction
Given values:
n₁ = 1.33 (water), θ₁ = 45.0°, θ₂ = 40.3°
Plug in and solve for n₂:
1.33sin(45.0°) = n₂sin(40.3°)
n₂ = 1.454
I looked up this value on the HyperPhysics indices of refraction table... The index we calculated is closest to 1.46, which is that of fused quartz.
Answer:
Φ = 2.26 10⁶ N m² / C
Explanation:
The electric flow is
Ф = E .ds = / ε₀
Since we have two components for this flow. The uniform electric field and the flux created by the point charge.
The flux of the uniform electric field is zero since the flux entering is equal to the flux leaving the Gaussian surface
The flow created by the point load at the origin is
Φ = q_{int} /ε₀
Let's calculate
Φ = 2.00 10⁻⁶ /8.85 10¹²
Φ = 2.26 10⁶ N m² / C