Explanation:
Population inversion is a process of achieving more electrons in the higher energy state than the lower energy state. In order to achieve population inversion, we need to supply energy to the laser medium. The process of supplying energy to the laser medium is called pumping.
Answer:
8.24μm
Explanation:
The theory of brittle fracture was used to solve this problem.
And if you follow through with the attachment made a the subject of the formula
Such that,
a = 2x(69x10⁹)x0.3/pi(40x10⁶)²
= 4.14x10¹⁰/5.024x10¹⁵
= 8.24x10^-06
= 8.24μm
This is the the maximum length of the surface flaw
Answer:

Explanation:
The model for the turbine can be derived by means of the First Law of Thermodynamics:
![-\dot Q_{out}-\dot W_{out} +\dot m \cdot \left[(h_{in}-h_{out})+\frac{1}{2}\cdot (v_{in}^{2}-v_{out}^{2}) + g\cdot (z_{in}-z_{out})\right] =0](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=-%5Cdot%20Q_%7Bout%7D-%5Cdot%20W_%7Bout%7D%20%2B%5Cdot%20m%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft%5B%28h_%7Bin%7D-h_%7Bout%7D%29%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ccdot%20%28v_%7Bin%7D%5E%7B2%7D-v_%7Bout%7D%5E%7B2%7D%29%20%2B%20g%5Ccdot%20%28z_%7Bin%7D-z_%7Bout%7D%29%5Cright%5D%20%3D0)
The work produced by the turbine is:
![\dot W_{out}=-\dot Q_{out} +\dot m \cdot \left[(h_{in}-h_{out})+\frac{1}{2}\cdot (v_{in}^{2}-v_{out}^{2}) + g\cdot (z_{in}-z_{out})\right]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cdot%20W_%7Bout%7D%3D-%5Cdot%20Q_%7Bout%7D%20%2B%5Cdot%20m%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft%5B%28h_%7Bin%7D-h_%7Bout%7D%29%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ccdot%20%28v_%7Bin%7D%5E%7B2%7D-v_%7Bout%7D%5E%7B2%7D%29%20%2B%20g%5Ccdot%20%28z_%7Bin%7D-z_%7Bout%7D%29%5Cright%5D)
The mass flow and heat transfer rates are, respectively:




Finally:


Answer:
Well, I hope your account is working good now :)