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Electrons that are further away from the nucleus have more energy. As they enter an "excited" state, they jump up orbits.
The equivalent of the Newton's second law for rotational motions is:

where

is the net torque acting on the object

is its moment of inertia

is the angular acceleration of the object.
Re-arranging the formula, we get

and since we know the net torque acting on the (vase+potter's wheel) system,

, and its angular acceleration,

, we can calculate the moment of inertia of the system: