Answer:
A) Sample B has more calcium carbonate molecules
Explanation:
M = Molar mass of calcium carbonate = 100.0869 g/mol
= Avogadro's number = 
For the 4.12 g sample
Moles of a substance is given by

Number of molecules is given by

For the 19.37 g sample

Number of molecules is given by


So, sample B has more calcium carbonate molecules.
The ratio of the elements of carbon, oxygen, calcium atoms, ions, has to be same in both the samples otherwise the samples cannot be considered as calcium carbonate. Same is applicable for impurities. If there are impurites then the sample cannot be considered as calcium carbonate.
I think it is "Known".
Radioactive decay is measured using a formula where the half-life <span>of an isotope is the time it takes for the original nuclei to decay half of its original amount.</span>
A binary compound of oxygen with another element is called oxide. An oxide is a binary compound of oxygen and another element. Oxygen combines with metals and non-metals to form respective oxides.
Only the amount of gas is held constant.