A) Ca, Mg, Be
The first ionization energy increases as we move up a group because of the smaller atomic size and less shielding of electrons.
Explanation:
General electronic configuration for the given groups are as follows.
For 4A(14) : 
This means that there are 4 unpaired electrons in group 4A(14).
For 7A(17) :
So, there are 7 unpaired electrons present in group 7A(17).
For 1A(1) : 
Hence, there is only one unpaired electron present in group 1A(1).
For 6A(16) :
So, there are 6 unpaired electrons present in group 6A(16).
Answer: A. Gamma Ray
Explanation:
X-ray scans can diagnose possibly life-threatening conditions such as blocked blood vessels, bone cancer, and infections. However, x-rays produce ionizing radiation—a form of radiation that has the potential to harm living tissue. However, the risk of developing cancer from radiation exposure is generally small.
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Dark matter is invisible and does not emit electromagnetic radiation. Dark matter is part of a theory that hypothesis the existence of a counterpart to the particles we know in physics, in order to balance the universe that otherwise would be largely unbalanced right now. However, the theory right now is not yet proven.
Answer:work function= 8.2×10-19J
Minimum wavelength of light required= 2.4×10-7m
Explanation:
The wavelength of incident light was given as 193nm. We have to convert this to meters and have 193×10-9m. Then we use it to find the energy of incident photon E. When E is found we now apply Einstein photoelectric equation to obtain the work function Wo since the kinetic energy of photoelectrons is known as 1.8×10-19J.
From this work function. We can obtain the minimum wavelength of light required. All these steps are shown in the image attached.