Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants use mirrors to concentrate the sun's energy to drive traditional steam turbines or engines that create electricity. The thermal energy concentrated in a CSP plant can be stored and used to produce electricity when it is needed, day or night. Today, roughly 1,815 megawatts (MWac) of CSP plants are in operation in the United States.
Parabolic Trough
Parabolic trough systems use curved mirrors to focus the sun’s energy onto a receiver tube that runs down the center of a trough. In the receiver tube, a high-temperature heat transfer fluid (such as a synthetic oil) absorbs the sun’s energy, reaching temperatures of 750°F or higher, and passes through a heat exchanger to heat water and produce steam. The steam drives a conventional steam turbine power system to generate electricity. A typical solar collector field contains hundreds of parallel rows of troughs connected as a series of loops, which are placed on a north-south axis so the troughs can track the sun from east to west. Individual collector modules are typically 15-20 feet tall and 300-450 feet long.
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
CLFR uses the principles of curved-mirror trough systems, but with long parallel rows of lower-cost flat mirrors. These modular reflectors focus the sun's energy onto elevated receivers, which consist of a system of tubes through which water flows. The concentrated sunlight boils the water, generating high-pressure steam for direct use in power generation and industrial steam applications.
Answer:
1. Measure the temperature of the boxes and leave them unconnected.
2. Norton reduces his circuit down to a single resistance in parallel with a constant current source. A real-life Norton equivalent circuit would be continuously wasting power (as heat) as the current source dumps energy into the resistor, even when externally unconnected, while a Thevenin equivalent circuit would sit there doing nothing.
3. The Norton equivalent box would get warm and eventually run out of power. The Thevenin equivalent box would stay at ambient temperature.
Answer: 1766.667 Ω = 1.767kΩ
Explanation:
V=iR
where V is voltage in Volts (V), i is current in Amps (A), and R is resistance in Ohms(Ω).
3mA = 0.003 A
Rearranging the equation, we get
R=V/i
Now we are solving for resistance. Plug in 0.003 A and 5.3 V.
R = 5.3 / 0.003
= 1766.6667 Ω
= 1.7666667 kΩ
The 6s are repeating so round off to whichever value you need for exactness.
Answer:
Explanation:
a) for shifting reactions,
Kps = ph2 pco2/pcoph20
=[h2] [co2]/[co] [h2o]
h2 + co2 + h2O + co + c3H8 = 1
it implies that
H2 + 0.09 + H2O + 0.08 + 0.05 = 1
solving the system of equation yields
H2 = 0.5308,
H2O = 0.2942
B) according to Le chatelain's principle for a slightly exothermic reaction, an increase in temperature favors the reverse reaction producing less hydrogen. As a result, concentration of hydrogen in the reformation decreases with an increasing temperature.
c) to calculate the maximum hydrogen yield , both reaction must be complete
C3H8 + 3H2O ⇒ 3CO + 7H2( REFORMING)
CO + H2O ⇒ CO2 + H2 ( SHIFTING)
C3H8 + 6H2O ⇒ 3CO2 + 10 H2 ( OVER ALL)
SO,
Maximum hydrogen yield
= 10mol h2/3 molco2 + 10molh2
= 0.77
⇒ 77%
