Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b) In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
Melting requires an input of energy to convert a solid to a liquid.
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Answer:
c. 2.16 × 10^8 kJ
Explanation:
In the given question, 2 C-12 nuclei were used for the reaction and the mass of C-12 is 12.0000 amu. Therefore, for 2 C-12 nuclei, the mass is 2*12.0000 = 24.0000 amu.
In addition, a Na-23 and a H-1 were formed in the process. The combined mass of the products is 22.989767+1.007825 = 23.997592 amu
The mass of the reactant is different from the mass of the products. The difference = 24.0000 amu - 23.997592 amu = 0.002408 amu.
Theoretically, 1 amu = 1.66054*10^-27 kg
Thus, 0.002408 amu = 0.002408*1.66054*10^-27 kg = 3.99858*10^-30 kg
This mass difference is converted to energy and its value can be calculated using:
E = mc^2 = 3.99858*10^-30 *(299792458)^2 = 3.59374*10^-13 J
Furthermore, 1 mole of hydrogen nuclei contains 6.022*10^23 particles. Thus, we have:
E = 3.59374*10^-13 * 6.022*10^23 = 2.164*10^11 J = 2.164*10^8 kJ
Dots are used to represent electrons.
They are both true glad i could help
