<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol:
</u></h3>
Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.
But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.
There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.
<u>Example:
</u>
, at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.
12:00 AM A will see collisions
Pocket Size to detect the collision.

CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.
<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>
- In the previous example we have seen that in worst case
time require to detect a collision.
- There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.
We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.
Distance = 1km = 1000m

Answer with Explanation:
Part a)
The volume of water in the tank as a function of time is plotted in the below attached figure.
The vertical intercept of the graph is 46.
Part b)
The vertical intercept represents the volume of water that is initially present in the tank before draining begins.
Part c)
To find the time required to completely drain the tank we calculate the volume of the water in the tank to zero.

Part d)
The horizontal intercept represents the time it takes to empty the tank which as calculated above is 13.143 minutes.
Answer:
The power developed by engine is 167.55 KW
Explanation:
Given that

Mean effective pressure = 6.4 bar
Speed = 2000 rpm
We know that power is the work done per second.
So

We have to notice one point that we divide by 120 instead of 60, because it is a 4 cylinder engine.
P=167.55 KW
So the power developed by engine is 167.55 KW