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Density is mass over volume:

In your case, mass is 48 grams and volume is 12cm^3
If you put that into the equation, you will get your density:
C) because a new substance is formed
B) not sure but might be because the chemical properties of the substance has changed
The temperature will increase
The period T of a pendulum is given by:

where L is the length of the pendulum while

is the gravitational acceleration.
In the pendulum of the problem, one complete vibration takes exactly 0.200 s, this means its period is

. Using this data, we can solve the previous formula to find L: