<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol:
</u></h3>
Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.
But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.
There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.
<u>Example:
</u>
, at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.
12:00 AM A will see collisions
Pocket Size to detect the collision.

CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.
<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>
- In the previous example we have seen that in worst case
time require to detect a collision.
- There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.
We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.
Distance = 1km = 1000m

Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
The magnetic force is
F = qvB sin θ
We see that sin θ = 1, since the angle between the velocity and the direction of the field is 90º. Entering the other given quantities yields
F
=
(
20
×
10
−
9
C
)
(
10
m/s
)
(
5
×
10
−
5
T
)
=
1
×
10
−
11
(
C
⋅
m/s
)
(
N
C
⋅
m/s
)
=
1
×
10
−
11
N
Answer:
Explanation:
Usage: flip [-t|-u|-d|-m] filename[s]
Converts ASCII files between Unix, MS-DOS/Windows, or Macintosh newline formats
Options:
-u = convert file(s) to Unix newline format (newline)
-d = convert file(s) to MS-DOS/Windows newline format (linefeed + newline)
-m = convert file(s) to Macintosh newline format (linefeed)
-t = display current file type, no file modifications
Answer:
(a) Flow rate of vehicles = No of vehicles per mile * Speed
=No of cars per mile * Speed +No of trucks per mile * Speed
= 0.75*50*60 + 0.25*50*40
=2750 vehicles / hour
(b) Let Density of vehicles on grade = x
Density on flat * Speed =Density on grade * Speed
So,( 0.75*50) * 60 + (0.25*50) * 40 = (0.75* x) * 55 + (0.25* x) * 25
So, x= 57.89
So, Density is around 58 Vehicles per Mile.
(c) Percentage of truck by aerial photo = 25%
(d)Percentage of truck bystationary observer on the grade= 25*30/60 * 25/55 =22.73 %