If a substance is reduced, it must undergo a gain of hydrogen or a loss of oxygen.
Reduction
Redox reactions include a change in the oxidation state of the substrate.
Loss of electrons or a rise in an element's oxidation state is considered to be oxidation.
Gaining electrons or lowering the oxidation state of an element or its constituent atoms are both examples of reduction.
Redox reactions fall into one of two categories:
A single electron is transferred from the reducing agent to the oxidant in this process. The terminology used to describe this kind of redox reaction is frequently redox couples and electrode potentials.
A process called atom transfer involves moving an atom from one substrate to another. For instance, as iron rusts, the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as it transforms into an oxide, while oxygen's oxidation state falls as oxygen receives the electrons released by the iron. Other chemical species can perform the same function, despite the fact that oxidation reactions are frequently linked to the production of oxides. In hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are transferred in order to weaken C=C bonds.
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There are 4 moles of spectator ions that remain in solution.
The equation of the reaction is;
Na2CO3(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) -------> PbCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
We have to determine the limiting reactant. This is the reactant that yields the least amount of product. Note that the spectator ions are Na^+ and NO3^- that form NaNO3.
For Na2CO3
1 mole of Na2CO3 yields 2 moles of NaNO3
3 moles of Na2CO3 yields 3 × 2/1 = 6 moles of NaNO3
For Pb(NO3)2
1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 yields 2 moles of NaNO3
2 moles of Pb(NO3)2 yields 2 × 2/1 = 4 moles of NaNO3
We can see that Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting reactant.
Since [NaNO3] = [Na^+] = [NO3^-], it follows that there are 4 moles of spectator ions that remain in solution.
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<h3>Answer:</h3>
Ca²⁺
<h3>Explanation:</h3>
Ionization energy is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to knock out the electron from valence shell of an atom in its gaseous state. While, second Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy required to knock out the second electron from an ion containing +1 charge in gaseous state.
Among given options Ca²⁺ is the correct choice because the calcium has lost two electrons i.e. first electron was removed by providing first ionization energy i.e.
Ca + 1st IE → Ca¹⁺ + 1 e⁻
and second electron is was removed by providing second ionization energy i.e.
Ca ¹⁺ + 2nd IE → Ca²⁺ + 1 e⁻
Answer:
One ring is present.
Explanation:
The degree of unsaturation or double bond equivalents(DBE) can be determined by using a formula. This formula gives us the number of rings and / pi bonds.
As mentioned in the problem the number of pi bond is one so if we calculate the DBE this will give us the number of rings by subtracting one from DBE.
Where
C = number of carbon atoms
X = number of halogens
N = number of nitrogen
H = number of hydrogen
Thus the number of rings will be: