Answer:
Deep ocean currents (also known as Thermohaline Circulation) are caused by: The sinking and transport of large masses of cool water gives rise to the thermohaline circulation, which is driven by density gradients due to variations in temperature and salinity. The earth's rotation also influences deep ocean currents.
Answer:
A cell's plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, provides protection. It also maintains a constant atmosphere within the cell, and the membrane serves a variety of purposes. The first is to transport nutrients into the cell, and the second is to transport toxic compounds out
Explanation:
100 times less H+
A solution at ph 10 contains<u> </u><u>100 times less H+</u> than the same amount of solution at ph 8.
<h3>The pH scale: How does it function?</h3>
- The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is.
- The range is 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality.
- Acidity is indicated by pH values below 7, whereas baseness is shown by pH values above 7.
- In reality, pH is a measurement of the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water.
<h3>How does the pH change when two acids are combined?</h3>
- An acid's strength increases with the quantity of hydrogen ions it releases.
- The pH of the strong acids is between 1 and 2.
- We may observe that there is no response when two acids of the same strength are combined.
- It's because the end product will be neutral and the pH won't change.
<h3>How is pH value determined?</h3>
There are two ways to measure pH:
- colorimetrically with indicator fluids or sheets
- electrochemically with electrodes and a millivoltmeter for greater accuracy (pH meter).
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Iodine and Calcium is the correct answer
A planetary surface is where the solid (or liquid) material of the outer crust on certain types of astronomical objects contacts the atmosphere or outer space. Planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of planetary mass, including terrestrial planets (including Earth), dwarf planets, natural satellites, planetesimals and many other small Solar System bodies (SSSBs).[1][2][3] The study of planetary surfaces is a field of planetary geology known as surface geology, but also a focus of a number of fields including planetary cartography, topography, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences, and astronomy. Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term landing is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached.
In differentiated bodies, the surface is where the crust meets the planetary boundary layer. Anything below this is regarded as being sub-surface or sub-marine. Most bodies more massive than super-Earths, including stars and gas giants, as well as smaller gas dwarfs, transition contiguously between phases, including gas, liquid, and solid. As such, they are generally regarded as lacking surfaces.
Planetary surfaces and surface life are of particular interest to humans as it is the primary habitat of the species, which has evolved to move over land and breathe air. Human space exploration and space colonization therefore focuses heavily on them. Humans have only directly explored the surface of Earth and the Moon. The vast distances and complexities of space makes direct exploration of even near-Earth objects dangerous and expensive. As such, all other exploration has been indirect via space probes.
Indirect observations by flyby or orbit currently provide insufficient information to confirm the composition and properties of planetary surfaces. Much of what is known is from the use of techniques such as astronomical spectroscopy and sample return. Lander spacecraft have explored the surfaces of planets Mars and Venus. Mars is the only other planet to have had its surface explored by a mobile surface probe (rover). Titan is the only non-planetary object of planetary mass to have been explored by lander. Landers have explored several smaller bodies including 433 Eros (2001), 25143 Itokawa (2005), Tempel 1 (2005), 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014), 162173 Ryugu (2018) and 101955 Bennu (2020). Surface samples have been collected from the Moon (returned 1969), 25143 Itokawa (returned 2010), 162173 Ryugu and 101955 Bennu.
