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Rama09 [41]
4 years ago
15

Scientists can estimate the age of a planetary surface by counting __________. scientists can estimate the age of a planetary su

rface by counting __________. volcanoes tectonic features impact craters erosion features
Physics
1 answer:
Viktor [21]4 years ago
4 0
The surface of the planets can explain the dynamics of planetary interiors (for example, how often volcanoes erupt or how often earthquakes occur). In order to see how much the surface has changed over time the age of the surface should be obtained. Scientists can estimate the age of a planetary surface by counting craters. The logic is that t<span>he largest bodies (the ones that would form the largest craters) were used up before the smaller ones, since there were fewer of the larger ones to start with. So the larger a crater is, the older the planet surface.</span>
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During a compaction test in the lab a cylindrical mold with a diameter of 4in and a height of 4.58in was filled. The compacted s
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Answer:

part a : <em>The dry unit weight is 0.0616  </em>lb/in^3<em />

part b : <em>The void ratio is 0.77</em>

part c :  <em>Degree of Saturation is 0.43</em>

part d : <em>Additional water (in lb) needed to achieve 100% saturation in the soil sample is 0.72 lb</em>

Explanation:

Part a

Dry Unit Weight

The dry unit weight is given as

\gamma_{d}=\frac{\gamma}{1+\frac{w}{100}}

Here

  • \gamma_d is the dry unit weight which is to be calculated
  • γ is the bulk unit weight given as

                                              \gamma =weight/Volume \\\gamma= 4 lb / \pi r^2 h\\\gamma= 4 lb / \pi (4/2)^2 \times 4.58\\\gamma= 4 lb / 57.55\\\gamma= 0.069 lb/in^3

  • w is the moisture content in percentage, given as 12%

Substituting values

                                              \gamma_{d}=\frac{\gamma}{1+\frac{w}{100}}\\\gamma_{d}=\frac{0.069}{1+\frac{12}{100}} \\\gamma_{d}=\frac{0.069}{1.12}\\\gamma_{d}=0.0616 lb/in^3

<em>The dry unit weight is 0.0616  </em>lb/in^3<em />

Part b

Void Ratio

The void ratio is given as

                                                e=\frac{G_s \gamma_w}{\gamma_d} -1

Here

  • e is the void ratio which is to be calculated
  • \gamma_d is the dry unit weight which is calculated in part a
  • \gamma_w is the water unit weight which is 62.4 lb/ft^3 or 0.04 lb/in^3
  • G is the specific gravity which is given as 2.72

Substituting values

                                              e=\frac{G_s \gamma_w}{\gamma_d} -1\\e=\frac{2.72 \times 0.04}{0.0616} -1\\e=1.766 -1\\e=0.766

<em>The void ratio is 0.77</em>

Part c

Degree of Saturation

Degree of Saturation is given as

S=\frac{G w}{e}

Here

  • e is the void ratio which is calculated in part b
  • G is the specific gravity which is given as 2.72
  • w is the moisture content in percentage, given as 12% or 0.12 in fraction

Substituting values

                                      S=\frac{G w}{e}\\S=\frac{2.72 \times .12}{0.766}\\S=0.4261

<em>Degree of Saturation is 0.43</em>

Part d

Additional Water needed

For this firstly the zero air unit weight with 100% Saturation is calculated and the value is further manipulated accordingly. Zero air unit weight is given as

\gamma_{zav}=\frac{\gamma_w}{w+\frac{1}{G}}

Here

  • \gamma_{zav} is  the zero air unit weight which is to be calculated
  • \gamma_w is the water unit weight which is 62.4 lb/ft^3 or 0.04 lb/in^3
  • G is the specific gravity which is given as 2.72
  • w is the moisture content in percentage, given as 12% or 0.12 in fraction

                                      \gamma_{zav}=\frac{\gamma_w}{w+\frac{1}{G}}\\\gamma_{zav}=\frac{0.04}{0.12+\frac{1}{2.72}}\\\gamma_{zav}=\frac{0.04}{0.4876}\\\gamma_{zav}=0.08202 lb/in^3\\

Now as the volume is known, the the overall weight is given as

weight=\gamma_{zav} \times V\\weight=0.08202 \times 57.55\\weight=4.72 lb

As weight of initial bulk is already given as 4 lb so additional water required is 0.72 lb.

4 0
3 years ago
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