Answer:
Radiation effects on electrical equipment depend on the equipment and on the type of ionizing radiation to which it is exposed.
First, beta radiation has little, if any, effect on electrical equipment because this type of ionizing radiation is easily shielded. The equipment housing and the construction of the parts within the housing will protect the equipment from beta-radiation (high-energy electrons) exposure.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and can affect most electrical equipment. Simple equipment (like motors, switches, incandescent lights, wiring, and solenoids) is very radiation resistant and may never show any radiation effects, even after a very large radiation exposure. Diodes and computer chips (electronics) are much more sensitive to gamma radiation. To give you a comparison of effects, it takes a radiation dose of about 5 Sv to cause death to most people. Diodes and computer chips will show very little functional detriment up to about 50 to 100 Sv. Also, some electronics can be "hardened" (made to be not affected as much by larger gamma radiation doses) by providing shielding or by selecting radiation-resistant materials.
Some electronics do exhibit a recovery after being exposed to gamma radiation, after the radiation is stopped. But the recovery is hardly ever back to 100% functionality. Also, if the electronics are exposed to gamma radiation while unpowered, the gamma radiation effects are less.
Ionizing radiation breaks down the materials within the electrical equipment. For example, when wiring is exposed to gamma rays, no change is noticed until the wiring is flexed or bent. The wire's insulation becomes brittle and will break and may cause shorts in the equipment. The effect on diodes and computer chips is a bit more complex. The gamma rays disrupt the crystalline nature of the inside of the electronic component. Its function is degraded and then fails as more gamma radiation exposure is received by the electronic component.
Gamma rays do not affect the signals within the device or the signals received by the device. Nonionizing radiation (like radio signals, microwaves, and electromagnetic pulses) DO mess with the signals within and received by the device. I put a cheap electronic game in my microwave oven at home. It arced and sparked and was totally ruined. I didn’t waste any more of my time playing that game.
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
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The number of moles that are contained in the given mass of propane (
is 1.7143 moles.
<u>Given the following data:</u>
- Mass of propane = 75.6 grams.
<u>Scientific data:</u>
- The molar mass of propane = 44.1 g/mol.
To calculate the number of moles that are contained in the given mass of propane ():
<h3>How to calculate the moles of a compound.</h3>
In this exercise, you're required to determine the number of moles of propane that are contained in the given sample:
Mathematically, the number of moles contained in a chemical compound is given by this formula:
Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
Number of moles = 1.7143 moles.
Read more on number of moles here: brainly.com/question/3173452
Answer:
Molecule
Explanation:
molecule of the substance. You can break the molecule down further, into the atoms that make it up, but those don't have the properties of the original 'compound'.
Here's an example:
-- Sodium is a soft, slippery metal, that explodes when water touches it.
-- Chlorine is a poisonous green gas.
When an atom of Sodium and an atom of Chlorine combine, they make one molecule of a substance called "Sodium Chloride". That's SALT ! It isn't green, it isn't a gas, it isn't poisonous, it isn't soft and slippery, and it doesn't explode when water touches it.
Answer:
The DNA is cut using special chemicals called restriction enzymes,.
DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.
