Answer:
Explanation:
<u>1. Convert Grams to Moles</u>
Use the molar mass (found on the Periodic Table) to convert from grams to moles.
Use this value as a ratio.
Multiply by the given number of grams.
Flip the ratio so the grams of boron cancel out.
<u>2. Convert Moles to Atoms</u>
We use Avogadro's Number, 6.02*10²³: the number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) in 1 mole of a substance. In this case, the particles are atoms of boron.
Multiply by the number of moles we calculated.
The moles of boron cancel.
The original value of grams has 4 significant figures, so our answer should have the same. For the number we calculated, that is the thousandth place.
The 6 tells us to round the 2 to a 3.
25.00 grams of boron is equal to 1.393*10²⁴ atoms.
Answer:
ptic fiber communication and satellite communication are the leading technologies which are revolutionizing the world of telecommunications. Both technologies have their advantages and limitations which make them suitable for certain type of applications. This article will provide an overview of optic fiber and satellite communication technologies and present a comparison of the features and related issues.
Optic Fiber Communication
Optic Fiber communication transmits information by sending pulses of light (using laser) through an optic fiber. The low signal loss in optic fibers and high data rate of transmission systems, allow signals with high data rates (exceeding several Gbps) to travel over long distances (more than 100 km) without a need of repeater or amplifier. Moreover, using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows a single fiber to carry multiple signals (upto 10 different signals) of multi-Gbps transmissions. Optic Fiber communication offers extremely high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, non-existent delays and immunity from interception by external means. In the 1980s and 1990s, the continents were linked together using undersea optic fiber bringing about a paradigm shift in the global telecommunications.
These advancements in optic fiber communication has resulted in decrease of satellite communications for several types of communications. For instance, transmission between fixed locations or point-to-point communications, where large bandwidths are required (such as transoceanic telephone systems) are made through optic fiber instead of using satellite communication. Optic Fiber communication is also used to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, LAN (Gigabit LAN) and cable television signals.
Satellite Communication
Satellite communications use artificial satellites as relays between a transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Satellite systems allow users to bypass typical carrier offices and to broadcast information to multiple locations. Communications satellites are used for radio, TV, telephone, Internet, military and other applications. There are more than 2,000 satellites around Earth’s orbit, being used for communication by both government and private organizations.
Communication Satellites are LOS (line-of-sight) microwave systems with a repeater. These satellites rotate around the earth with the speed of earth and are known as geostationary satellites. The limitations of antenna size also limits focusing capability making the coverage for a single satellite transmitter very large. This makes satellite communication ideal for TV and radio services as the signal has to flow from a single point to many points in a single direction. The large distance of satellites from the earth (about 22,300 miles) results in delays which adversely effects two-way communication like mobile conversations. Low earth orbit satellites can be used for two-way mobile communication because less power is required to reach those satellites.
Explanation:
Taking the average of more measurements decreases random error of measurement
Taking the average of many measurements is the most effective way to reduce random errors in a measurement. Because the certainty of the results grows as the number of data does, Less risk of random errors means that the value is more certain. Fewer measurements lead to less reliable data collection, which raises the likelihood of random errors.
The complete question is
Which procedure(s) decrease(s) the random error of a measurement: (1) taking the average of more measurements: (2) calibrating the instrument; (3) taking fewer measurements? Explain
To learn more about random errors:
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Answer: The Answer is minus 221kj.
Explanation: Solved in the attached picture.