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sineoko [7]
3 years ago
14

How is the frequency of an EM wave related to its energy

Chemistry
2 answers:
natulia [17]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

Higher the frequency, the higher the energy

Explanation:

Please help me by marking me brainliest. I'm really close :)

yKpoI14uk [10]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

The energy carried by an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the frequency of the wave. The wavelength and frequency of the wave are connected via the speed of light: ... Lower energy waves (lower frequency, longer wavelength) include infrared light, microwaves, and radio and television waves

Explanation:

You might be interested in
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 how many unpaired electrons are in the atom represented by the electron configuration above?
Sedbober [7]
It's a combination of factors:
Less electrons paired in the same orbital
More electrons with parallel spins in separate orbitals
Pertinent valence orbitals NOT close enough in energy for electron pairing to be stabilized enough by large orbital size
DISCLAIMER: Long answer, but it's a complicated issue, so... :)
A lot of people want to say that it's because a "half-filled subshell" increases stability, which is a reason, but not necessarily the only reason. However, for chromium, it's the significant reason.
It's also worth mentioning that these reasons are after-the-fact; chromium doesn't know the reasons we come up with; the reasons just have to be, well, reasonable.
The reasons I can think of are:
Minimization of coulombic repulsion energy
Maximization of exchange energy
Lack of significant reduction of pairing energy overall in comparison to an atom with larger occupied orbitals
COULOMBIC REPULSION ENERGY
Coulombic repulsion energy is the increased energy due to opposite-spin electron pairing, in a context where there are only two electrons of nearly-degenerate energies.
So, for example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is higher in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier on us, we can crudely "measure" the repulsion energy with the symbol
Π
c
. We'd just say that for every electron pair in the same orbital, it adds one
Π
c
unit of destabilization.
When you have something like this with parallel electron spins...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
It becomes important to incorporate the exchange energy.
EXCHANGE ENERGY
Exchange energy is the reduction in energy due to the number of parallel-spin electron pairs in different orbitals.
It's a quantum mechanical argument where the parallel-spin electrons can exchange with each other due to their indistinguishability (you can't tell for sure if it's electron 1 that's in orbital 1, or electron 2 that's in orbital 1, etc), reducing the energy of the configuration.
For example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is lower in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier for us, a crude way to "measure" exchange energy is to say that it's equal to
Π
e
for each pair that can exchange.
So for the first configuration above, it would be stabilized by
Π
e
(
1
↔
2
), but the second configuration would have a
0
Π
e
stabilization (opposite spins; can't exchange).
PAIRING ENERGY
Pairing energy is just the combination of both the repulsion and exchange energy. We call it
Π
, so:
Π
=
Π
c
+
Π
e

Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Basically, the pairing energy is:
higher when repulsion energy is high (i.e. many electrons paired), meaning pairing is unfavorable
lower when exchange energy is high (i.e. many electrons parallel and unpaired), meaning pairing is favorable
So, when it comes to putting it together for chromium... (
4
s
and
3
d
orbitals)
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
compared to
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
is more stable.
For simplicity, if we assume the
4
s
and
3
d
electrons aren't close enough in energy to be considered "nearly-degenerate":
The first configuration has
Π
=
10
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
1
↔
5
,
2
↔
3
,

2
↔
4
,
2
↔
5
,
3
↔
4
,
3
↔
5
,
4
↔
5
)
The second configuration has
Π
=
Π
c
+
6
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
2
↔
3
,
2
↔
4
,
3
↔
4
)
Technically, they are about
3.29 eV
apart (Appendix B.9), which means it takes about
3.29 V
to transfer a single electron from the
3
d
up to the
4
s
.
We could also say that since the
3
d
orbitals are lower in energy, transferring one electron to a lower-energy orbital is helpful anyways from a less quantitative perspective.
COMPLICATIONS DUE TO ORBITAL SIZE
Note that for example,
W
has a configuration of
[
X
e
]
5
d
4
6
s
2
, which seems to contradict the reasoning we had for
Cr
, since the pairing occurred in the higher-energy orbital.
But, we should also recognize that
5
d
orbitals are larger than
3
d
orbitals, which means the electron density can be more spread out for
W
than for
Cr
, thus reducing the pairing energy
Π
.
That is,
Π
W
5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
If a solution containing A+ ions and a solution containing B- ions have just been mixed and [A+][B-] is greater than Ksp of AB,
frozen [14]

Answer:

Explanation:

In the solution of AB , they are split  to give ions as follows

AB ⇄ A⁺ + B⁻

Product of concentration of A⁺ and B⁻ in saturated solution of AB is constant .

This is called Ksp

Ksp = [A⁺] [ B⁻]

If product of concentration of A⁺  and B⁻ exceeds Ksp , the equilibrium shifts to the left side and excess ions come out of solution in the form of precipitate. So second option is the answer.

4 0
3 years ago
What occurs during a chemical reaction? *
Romashka [77]

Answer:

c. Atoms of two or more elements bond together

Explanation:

a chemical reactions forms products ( new substances); where it rearranges themselves to form new bonds.

7 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Calcium oxide and oxygen gas are produced by the thermal decomposition of limestone in the reaction CaCO (s) CaO(s) + CO (g). Wh
kozerog [31]
The mass of lime that  can  be produced  from  4.510 Kg of limestone  is calculated  as  below

calculate the moles  of CaCO3  used

that is  moles =mass/molar mass
convert  Kg  to g  = 4.510 x1000 =4510g
=  4510 / 100 =45.10 moles
CaCO3 = CaO  +O2

by use of mole ratio between CaCO3  to CaO  (1:1) the  moles of CaO  is also= 45.10 moles
mass of CaO = moles x molar  mass

45.10  x56 = 2525.6  g  of  CaO



6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Which statement is true for a solution when its concentration of hydroxide ions increases? It becomes more acidic. It becomes le
makvit [3.9K]

Answer:

Its pH value increases.

Explanation:

pH is the measure of alkalinity or acidity of a compound.

pH = - log [H+]

and pH + pOH = 14

where pOH is the measure of basicity of a solution, given by -log[OH-]

As a solution gets more basic that is higher [OH-], the pH increases, and on the other hand, as the pH of a solution decreases by one pH unit, the concentration of H+ increases by ten times.

5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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