If the sign of work is negative, that means the force and the motion are in opposite directions.
Let's say you see something roll off of the shelf. You catch it, and you let it down slowly and gently.
Gravity exerted down-force on it and it moved down. Gravity did positive work on it.
YOU exerted UP-force on it and it moved down. YOU did negative work on it.
(Also, the falling object exerted down-force on your hand, and your hand moved down. The falling object did positive work on your hand ! Where did THAT energy come from ? It came from the potential energy that the object had while it was on the shelf. Your hand absorbed that energy on the way down, doing negative work. So the object didn't have any kinetic energy when it reached the floor, and it did NOT splinter the floor or shatter in smithereens. It had barely enough energy left to make a sound when it hit the floor.)
Explanation:
Covalent bonds:
- They are bonds that are formed by atoms that shares their valence electrons.
- They are formed by atoms with very low electronegativity difference.
- It is usually a bond between non-metals.
Covalent bonds are bonds formed when two atoms jointly shared their valence electrons in order to form a bond.
For the formation of this bond type, each of the atom requires odd or unpaired electrons.
To form a covalent bond, each of the two participating atoms would put down an unpaired electron to be used in forming a shared pair of electrons between them.
Learn more:
Covalent bonds brainly.com/question/6029316
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The electrical free path of electron is disturbed with vibrations not normal to normal / room temperature because the electrical heater is agitating the conductor material. this causes the electrons to vibrate more creating more resistance to the flow.
