The formula for true strain after derivation from basic terms is; ε_t = In(1 + ε_e)
<h3>How to derive the expression for True Strain?</h3>
Formula for Engineering Stress is;
σ_e = Load/Area
Formula for true stress is;
σ_t = Force/Instantaneous Area
Formula for Engineering Strain is;
ε_e = ΔL/L₀
Formula for true strain is;
dε_t = dL/L
Total true strain is gotten from;
ε_t = ∫(dL/L) between boundaries of L_f and L_o
When we integrate between those boundaries, we have;
ε_t = In[(L₀ + ΔL)/L₀
⇒ ε_t = In[(1+ ΔL/L₀)
⇒ ε_t = In(1 + ε_e)
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Answer:
The density of the copper is higher than aluminium. Hence it is heavier compared to aluminium conductors it requires strong structures and hardware to bear the weight. More ductile and has high tensile strength.
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Aluminium & Copper properties.
Property Copper (Cu) Aluminium (Al)
Density (g/cm3) 8.96 2.70
Answer:
I hope following attachment will help you a lot!
Explanation:
Answer:
The valve should be closed at 1081 kPa ⇒ 11 bar
Explanation:






![m_2 = \frac{[10.994*1509.9] + [4.006*1057.5]}{15} = 1389.1 kJ/kg](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=m_2%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5B10.994%2A1509.9%5D%20%2B%20%5B4.006%2A1057.5%5D%7D%7B15%7D%20%20%3D%201389.1%20kJ%2Fkg)

Therefore, v₂, u₂ fix state 2.
By trial and error, P₂ = 1081 kPa & T₂ = 50.4° C
1081 kPa ⇒ 11 bar
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