Answer:
Radiation effects on electrical equipment depend on the equipment and on the type of ionizing radiation to which it is exposed.
First, beta radiation has little, if any, effect on electrical equipment because this type of ionizing radiation is easily shielded. The equipment housing and the construction of the parts within the housing will protect the equipment from beta-radiation (high-energy electrons) exposure.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and can affect most electrical equipment. Simple equipment (like motors, switches, incandescent lights, wiring, and solenoids) is very radiation resistant and may never show any radiation effects, even after a very large radiation exposure. Diodes and computer chips (electronics) are much more sensitive to gamma radiation. To give you a comparison of effects, it takes a radiation dose of about 5 Sv to cause death to most people. Diodes and computer chips will show very little functional detriment up to about 50 to 100 Sv. Also, some electronics can be "hardened" (made to be not affected as much by larger gamma radiation doses) by providing shielding or by selecting radiation-resistant materials.
Some electronics do exhibit a recovery after being exposed to gamma radiation, after the radiation is stopped. But the recovery is hardly ever back to 100% functionality. Also, if the electronics are exposed to gamma radiation while unpowered, the gamma radiation effects are less.
Ionizing radiation breaks down the materials within the electrical equipment. For example, when wiring is exposed to gamma rays, no change is noticed until the wiring is flexed or bent. The wire's insulation becomes brittle and will break and may cause shorts in the equipment. The effect on diodes and computer chips is a bit more complex. The gamma rays disrupt the crystalline nature of the inside of the electronic component. Its function is degraded and then fails as more gamma radiation exposure is received by the electronic component.
Gamma rays do not affect the signals within the device or the signals received by the device. Nonionizing radiation (like radio signals, microwaves, and electromagnetic pulses) DO mess with the signals within and received by the device. I put a cheap electronic game in my microwave oven at home. It arced and sparked and was totally ruined. I didn’t waste any more of my time playing that game.
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Explanation:
Combustion releases energy in a single step in the form of light and heat. Whereas in respiration, energy is released in steps and is stored in the form of ATP.
If it is shown as ∆H , then it means that a specific chemical reaction is undergoing heat in Kelvin(K). If it is shown as ∆H° , then it means that a specific chemical reaction is undergoing heat in Celsius(C⁰).
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Answer:
5.231 L.
Explanation:
- Molarity is the no. of moles of solute per 1.0 L of the solution.
<em>M = (no. of moles of KCl)/(Volume of the solution (L))</em>
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M = 6.5 M.
no. of moles of solute = 34.0 mol,
Volume of the solution = ??? L.
∴ (6.5 M) = (34.0 mol)/(Volume of the solution (L))
∴ (Volume of the solution (L) = (34.0 mol)/(6.5 M) = 5.231 L.
Answer:
Kinetic energy increases.
Explanation:
In a solid, molecules do not have much room to move. They are very slow moving, which means that kinetic energy is low. In a liquid, molecules have more room to move. They are able to move faster than a solid, which means that kinetic energy is low.
From greatest to lowest kinetic energy:
gas, liquid, solid
