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3 years ago

Consider the reactivity of phenol, bromobenzene, toluene, and nitrobenzene toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Chemistry

1 answer:

AlexFokin [52]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

The most reactive compound is: Phenol because the electron donating character of the alcohol group increases the rate of the reaction.

The least reactive compound is nitrobenzene

because the electron withdrawing character of the nitro group decreases the rate of the reaction.

Explanation:

PHENOL-: Any of a group of organic compounds with a hydroxyl (OH) group bound to a carbon atom in an aromatic ring is known as phenol. The word phenol is also the basic name for its simplest member, monohydroxybenzene (C6H5OH), also known as benzenol or carbolic acid, in addition to being the common name for the entire family.
ELECTRON DONATING CHARACTER-: Via the carbon atom it is bound to, an electron donating group (EDG) has the net effect of increasing electron density in a molecule. EDGs alter a molecule's reactivity by increasing electron density on neighboring carbon atoms: EDGs make nucleophiles stronger.
ALCOHOL GROUP-:Each of a class of organic compounds that have one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups bound to an alkyl group's carbon atom (hydrocarbon chain)is called Alcohol. Alcohols are organic compounds of water $(H_2O)$ in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been substituted by an alkyl group, which in organic structures is usually expressed by R.
NITROBENZENE-:The organic compound nitrobenzene has the chemical formula $(C_6H_5NO_2)$ . It's a pale yellow oil that's insoluble in water and smells like almonds. Greenish-yellow crystals form when it freezes. It is made on a wide scale as a precursor to aniline from benzene. It is sometimes used as a solvent in the laboratory, especially for electrophilic reagents.
ELECTRON WITHDRAWING GROUP-: An electron withdrawing group (EWG) is a type of group that reduces electron density in a molecule by bonding to a carbon atom. EWGs alter a molecule's reactivity by reducing electron density on neighboring carbon atoms.
NITRO GROUP-: The nitro group is one of the most widely used explosophores (functional groups that combine to form a compound explosive). In addition, the nitro group is a heavy electron-withdrawing group. CH bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group may be acidic due to this property.

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3 years ago

One mole of an ideal gas with a volume of 1.0 L and a pressure of 5.0 atm is allowed to expand isothermally into an evacuated bu

Deffense [45]

Answer:

w= - 1.7173 kJ, q= 1.7173 kJ, q(rev) = 1717.3 J = 1.7173 kJ.

Explanation:

Okay, from the question we are given the information below;

Number of moles, n= 1 mole; initial volume, v(1) = 1.0 litres (L); pressure (p) = 5atm, final volume(v2) = 2.0 Litres(L) ; the workdone, w= not given; the heat, q and q(rev)= not given and the gas was said to expand isothermally.

So, this question is a question from the part of chemistry known as thermodynamics. Therefore, grip yourself we are delving into thermodynamics 'waters' now.

For expansion isothermally; the workdone, w= -nRT ln v2/v1.

Where T= temperature= 25° C = 298 k and R= gas constant.

Therefore; workdone, w = - 1 × 8.314 × 298 × ln(2/1).

Workdone,w= - 1717.32204643. =

- 1717.3 Joules (J).

==> Workdone,w= - 1.7173 kJ.

Then, we are to find q. q can be solved by using the first law of thermodynamics, which by mathematical representation is:

∆U= q + w. Where ∆U= change in internal enegy. Since the question is dealing with isothermal expansion, there is this rule that says for an isothermal expansion ∆U = 0.

Hence, 0 =q + [- 1717.3 Joules (J)].

q=1717.3 J = 1.7173 kJ.

Finally, the q(rev) which is= nRT ln (v2/V1).

q(rev) = 1 × 8.314 × 298 ln (2/1).

q(rev) = 1717.3 J = 1.7173 kJ.

PS: please note the negative signs in the workdone and the positive sign in the q(rev).

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3 years ago

What happens when an electron moves from a high energy level to a lower one? it absorbs light it emits light it disappears it ge

Marianna [84]

Answer: The correct answer is it emits light.

Explanation:

When an electron is present in ground level that is the lower energy level and moves to the higher energy level, the energy is provided to the electron which means that it absorbs light. This is known as absorption.

When an electron present in the higher energy level comes back to the lower energy level, it emits radiations in the form of light. This is known as emission.

Hence, the correct answer is it emits light.

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3 years ago

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Explanation:

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3 years ago

How much heat is added if 0.0318g of water is increased in temperature by 0.364 degrees C?

SSSSS [86.1K]

Answer:

0.04838J

Explanation:

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature between the bodies , here heat is added to the water as a result of temperature change of 0.364 degreesC

Given:change in temperature=0.364

Mass of water=0.0318g

But we need specific heat capacity of water which is

4.2 J/g°C

Then we can calculate How much heat is added by using below formula

Energy = Mass * specific heat capacity *(change in temperature)

energy =0.0318g* 4.18g*0.364

=0.04838J

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3 years ago