Answer:
(a) the net charge inside the closed surface.
Explanation:
In Gauss' Law, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the Gaussian surface. This surface is usually taken as a symmetric geometric surface, but this is merely for simplicity. Gauss' Law holds for any closed surface. Inside this surface there can be insulators as well as conductors. Regardless of the geometry or the materials inside, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the closed surface. The charge outside the surface is irrelevant for Gauss' Law, therefore all the charge in the physical system is not included in Gauss' Law.
Answer:
T = 1.766(M-m) Nm where M and m are the 2 masses of the objects
Explanation:
Let m and M be the masses of the 2 objects and M > m so the system would produce torque and rotational motion on the pulley. Force of gravity that exert on each of the mass are mg and Mg. Since Mg > mg, the net force on the system is Mg - mg or g(M - m) toward the heavier mass.
Ignore friction and string mass, and let g = 9.81 m/s2, the net torque on the pulley is the product of net force and arm distance to the pivot point, which is pulley radius r = 0.18 m
T = Fr = g(M - m)0.18 = 0.18*9.81(M - m) = 1.766(M-m) Nm
