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lozanna [386]
2 years ago
7

We intend to measure the open-loop gain (LaTeX: A_{open}A o p e n ) of an actual operational amplifier. The magnitude of LaTeX:

A_{open}A o p e n is in the range of 106 V/V. However, the signal generator in measurement setup can supply minimal voltage of 1 mV, and the oscilloscope used at amplifier output can measure maximal voltage level of 10 V. Can you design a simple measurement setup using this signal generator and oscilloscope, and accurately measure the LaTeX: A_{open}A o p e n
Physics
1 answer:
Korvikt [17]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

voltage divider,  R₂ = 1000 R₁

measuring the output in the resistance R₁

Explanation:

Let's analyze the situation, in an op amp in open gain loop, the gain is maximum G = 10⁶ V / V

in this case the signal generator gives a minimum wave of 1 10⁻³ V, after passing through the amplified it becomes 10³ V which saturates the oscilloscope.

To solve this problem we must use a simple voltage divider, for this we use the fact that in a series circuit the voltage is the sum of the voltages of each element.

If we use two resistors whose relationship is

            R₂ / R₁ = 10³

            R₂ = 1000 R₁

When measuring the output in the resistance R₁ we have the desired divider, with a tolerance range, for the minimum output of the generator (1 10⁻³V) we have a reading of V = 1 V in the oscilloscope, for which we can use voltage up to 10V on the generator

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The normal stress follows the formula written below:

σ = F/A

There are two types of stress, axial and tangential. Since we are only given with the dimension of the radius (and not the length), the possible stress is axial. So, the area is,

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3 years ago
Henry, whose mass is 95 kg, stands on a bathroom scale in an elevator. The scale reads 830 N for the first 3.8 s after the eleva
Delicious77 [7]

Answer:

v= 4.0 m/s

Explanation:

  • When standing on the bathroom scale within the moving elevator, there are two forces acting on Henry's mass: Normal force and gravity.
  • Gravity is always downward, and normal force is perpendicular to the surface on which the mass is located (the bathroom scale), in upward direction.
  • Normal force, can adopt any value needed to match the acceleration of the mass, according to Newton's 2nd Law.
  • Gravity (which we call weight near the Earth's surface) can be  calculated as follows:

       F_{g} = m*g = 95 kg * 9.8 m/s2 = 930 N (1)

  • According to Newton's 2nd Law, it must be met the following condition:

       F_{net} = F_{g} -F_{n} = m*a\\  F_{net} = 930 N - 830 N = 100 N = 95 Kg * a

  • As the gravity is larger than normal force, this means that the acceleration is downward, so, we choose this direction as the positive.
  • Solving for a, we get:

       a =\frac{F_{net} }{m} =\frac{100 N}{95 kg} =  1.05 m/s2

  • We can find the speed after the first 3.8 s (assuming a is constant), applying the definition of acceleration as the rate of change of velocity:

        v_{f} = a* t = 1.05 m/s * 3.8 m/s = 4.0 m/s

  • Now, if during the next 3.8 s, normal force is 930 N (same as the weight), this means that both forces are equal each other, so net force is 0.
  • According to Newton's 2nd Law, if net force is 0, the object  is either or at rest, or moving at a constant speed.
  • As the elevator  was moving, the only choice is that it is moving at  a constant speed, the same that it had when the scale was read for the first time, i.e., 4 m/s downward.
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Hatshy [7]

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