Resonance, leaving group, carbonyl carbon delta+, and steric effect is the most crucial variables that affect the relative reactivity of a functional group containing a carbonyl in an addition or substitution process.
Discussion:
1. Carbonyl Carbon Delta+: The carbonyl group becomes more electrophilic and accelerates nucleophilic assault when the carbonyl carbon delta+ is bigger.
2. Resonance: When the carbonyl is transformed into the tetrahedral adduct, it may be lost. Loss of resonance increases the energy of the transition state for this nucleophilic assault because resonance has the function of stabilizing. Therefore, a carbonyl functional group's resistance to nucleophilic attack increases as resonance in the group increases in importance.
3. Leaving group: Tetrahedral adduct fragmentation is encouraged by a better LG.
4. Steric effects: The nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon is delayed when sterically impeded.
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Answer:
pH = 2.0
Explanation:
To find the pH of a solution, take the -log[H+]. In this case, the -log(9.4 x 10^-3) equals 2.02687 which makes 2.0 when accounting for significant figures.
Answer and explanation;
Na - metal
Cl - poisonous gas
NaCl - cyrstaline solid that is edible
An emergent property is a property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not.
Water emergent properties: cohesion & adhesion, versatile solvent, temperature moderation, freezing.
The properties of a compound can be very different from the properties of the elements that make them, for example, Sodium is an explosive metal, and Chlorine is a toxic gas, however, sodium chloride is a Delicious table salt!
Energy is released when an electron transitions from one energy level to another. In contrast, the same amount of energy is needed to carry out the process, the other way around, from the bottom elevation to the upper one.
What occurs when an electron transitions from one energy level to another?
- The energy of the electron drops when it changes levels, and the atom releases photons. The electron emits a photon when it transitions from a greater to a lower energy level. The energy emitted is precisely the energy that is lost when an electron moves to a level with less energy.
- An atom's electrons have negative energy. The electron must be given energy in order to be removed from the hydrogen atom, as shown by the negative sign. The quantity of energy in the atom will rise by supplying the electron with energy. Similar to how a ball on Earth chooses to rest in valleys rather than hills, the electron wants to spend the majority of its time at a lower energy level.
- For a brief period of time, the electron remains in an excited state. The energy required to bring the electron to its lower-energy state will be released when the electron transitions between excited and unexcited states.
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It changes to chemical energy
