Answer with Explanation:
There are various factors that needed to be taken into account while deciding the factor of safety some of which are summarized below as:
1) Importance of the structure: When we design any structure different structures have different importance in our society. Take an example of hospital, in case a natural disaster struck's a place the hospital should be the designed to withstand the disaster as it's role in the crisis management following a disaster is well understood. Thus while designing it we need it to have a higher factor of safety against failure when compared to a local building.
2) Errors involved in estimation of strength of materials: when we design any component of any machine or a structure we need to have an exact idea of the behavior of the material and know the value of the strength of the material. But many materials that we use in structure such as concrete in buildings have a very complex behavior and we cannot estimate the strength of the concrete absolutely, thus we tend to decrease the strength of the concrete more if errors involved in the estimation of strength are more to give much safety to the structure.
3) Variability of the loads that may act on the structure: If the loads that act on the structure are highly variable such as earthquake loads amd dynamic loads then we tend to increase the factor of safety while estimating the loads on the structure while designing it.
4) Economic consideration: If our project has abundant funds then we can choose a higher factor of safety while designing the project.
Explanation:
For true Strain:
step 1:
E true = Ln(1 + 0.5 ) = 0.40
Step 2:
E true = Ln(1 + 0.33 ) = 0.29
By single step process:
E true = Ln(1 + 1 ) = 0.69
total strain of step process = 0.40 + 0.29 = 0.69 units
SO TRUE STRAIN IS ADDITIVE.
Answer:
1700kJ/h.K
944.4kJ/h.R
944.4kJ/h.°F
Explanation:
Conversions for different temperature units are below:
1K = 1°C + 273K
1R = T(K) * 1.8
= (1°C + 273) * 1.8
1°F = (1°C * 1.8) + 32
Q/delta T = 1700kJ/h.°C
T (K) = 1700kJ/h.°C
= 1700kJ/K
T (R) = 1700kJ/h.°C
= 1700kJ/h.°C * 1°C/1.8R
= 944.4kJ/h.R
T (°F) = 1700kJ/h.°C
= 1700kJ/h.°C * 1°C/1.8°F
= 944.4kJ/h.°F
Note that arithmetic operations like subtraction and addition of values do not change or affect the value of a change in temperature (delta T) hence, the arithmetic operations are not reflected in the conversion. Illustration: 5°C - 3°C
= 2°C
(273+5) - (273+3)
= 2 K
Answer:
Explanation:
a) the steady-state, 1-D incompressible and no energy generation equation can be expressed as follows:
b) For a transient, 1-D, constant with energy generation
suppose T = f(x)
Then; the equation can be expressed as:
where;
= heat generated per unit volume
= Thermal diffusivity
c) The heat equation for a cylinder steady-state with 2-D constant and no compressible energy generation is:
where;
The radial directional term = 
and the axial directional term is 
d) The heat equation for a wire going through a furnace is:
![\dfrac{\partial ^2 T}{\partial z^2} = \dfrac{1}{\alpha}\Big [\dfrac{\partial ^2 T}{\partial ^2 t}+ V_z \dfrac{\partial ^2T}{\partial ^2z} \Big ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cdfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%20%3D%20%5Cdfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Calpha%7D%5CBig%20%5B%5Cdfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2%20t%7D%2B%20V_z%20%5Cdfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2z%7D%20%5CBig%20%5D)
since;
the steady-state is zero, Then:
![\dfrac{\partial ^2 T}{\partial z^2} = \dfrac{1}{\alpha}\Big [ V_z \dfrac{\partial ^2T}{\partial ^2z} \Big ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cdfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%20%3D%20%5Cdfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Calpha%7D%5CBig%20%5B%20V_z%20%5Cdfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5E2z%7D%20%5CBig%20%5D)
'
e) The heat equation for a sphere that is transient, 1-D, and incompressible with energy generation is:
