Before comparing and contrasting these layers of Earth, we first define what lithosphere and asthenosphere are.
Lithosphere primarily consists of the outermost layers of the Earth, which are the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. Simply, the ground you stepped on is part of earth's lithosphere. On the other hand, asthenosphere comprises of hot and partially molten rock just located at the upper portion of the mantle but just below the lithosphere. Both have similarities and differences, which are as follows:
SIMILARITIES:
- Both are the passageways of earthquakes P-waves (Primary waves) just before it reaches the earth's surface.
- Both are made of the same material (Silicon oxide rocks, which are rich in iron and magnesium)
DIFFERENCES:
- Rocks in lithosphere can bend (it deforms, resulting in fault formations), however, rocks in the asthenosphere, not only bend but also flow (plastic in nature).
- Lithosphere has relatively low temperatures compared to asthenosphere.
- Due to its depth, pressure against rocks in asthenosphere is comparatively higher compared to lithosphere.
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Answer:
When an object vibrates, it causes movement in surrounding air molecules. These molecules bump into the molecules close to them, causing them to vibrate as well. This makes them bump into more nearby air molecules.
The frequency for a fundamental pipe is given as:
f = v/4L
L is equal to the length of the pipe
Since L = Lo/2 where Lo is the original length of the pipe, the
new frequency would be:
f = (v/4)/(Lo/2)
f = 2 (v/4Lo)
Since v/4Lo = fo, therefore:
f = 2 fo
Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated as follows: The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
