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marin [14]
2 years ago
15

why is it harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon? to put it another way, why are the outermost electrons of

fluorine more tightly held by the nucleus than those of carbon?
Chemistry
1 answer:
Verizon [17]2 years ago
6 0

It is harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon because the size of the nuclear charge in fluorine is larger than that of carbon.

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is called ionization energy.

The ionization energy largely depends on the size of the nuclear charge. The larger the size of the nuclear charge, the higher the ionization energy because it will be more difficult to remove an electron from the atom owing to increased electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and orbital electrons.

Since fluorine has a higher size of the nuclear charge than carbon. More energy is required to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon leading to the observation that;  it is harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon.

Learn more: brainly.com/question/16243729

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Sperm can be carried by _____ grains. ANSWERSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS O spore O stamen O pollen
7nadin3 [17]

What is pollen in the reproduction cycle of flowering plants?

A pollen grain is a microspore containing the male gametophyte, usually reduced to two undivided cells, each with one haploid (n) nucleus. These cells are surrounded by a very resistant wall, the exine, which generally has apertures, zones with less resistance which will allow the germination of the pollen tube.

Explanation of the reproduction cycle (cf diagram above)

A given species produces flowers bearing stamens. According to species, these flowers can be unisexual (stamens only) or bisexual (stamens and carpels).

The stamen anthers include 4 pollen sacs containing sporogenous cells (diploid=2n). These sporogenous cells undergo meiosis, each producing 4 microspores (haploid=n). Two nuclei are then formed by mitosis : the vegetative nucleus and the generative nucleus. The latter divides to form 2 sperms. Simultaneously the wall of the microspores becomes thicker and takes the characteristic shape of the species : it is a pollen grain (see: What are the morphological characteristics of pollen and spore grains?). In the majority of species, the 4 grains (resulting from the 4 microspores) split up into single grains; in some cases, they remain together (tetrad = group of 4 grains). When mature, pollen grains are released by the opening of the anthers.

A pollen grain is aimed at reaching another flower of the same species, bearing carpels. The ovaries contain ovules, in which meiosis occurs, then mitoses. It results in an embryo sac with 8 nuclei, among which an egg cell and 2 central cells. When a pollen grain arrives on another flower (see : How are the spores and pollen grains transported?), it is received by the stigmas.

The pollen grain germinates through an opening of the wall: the vegetative nucleus develops into a pollen tube which is guided by the style to the ovary, then enters the micropyle of an ovule. The pollen tube releases 2 sperm nuclei into the ovule: one of the sperms fuses with the egg cell into a zygote (2n), while the other sperm fuses with central nuclei and gives rise to albumen (= food source). There are generally several ovules in an ovary : each one can be fertilized by a distinct pollen grain.

Each fertilized ovule and its albumen form a seed that will develop into a new individual of this species. hope it works

4 0
3 years ago
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Helga [31]

Answer:

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Explanation:

7 0
3 years ago
Predict the effect of the following changes in the reaction CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) <-> CH3OH (g) + energy.
Sophie [7]

Explanation:

  Equation of reaction:

             CO   + 2H₂    ⇒   CH₃OH   +   energy

a.  An increase in pressure:

A change in pressure affects only equilibrium involving a gas or gases. Le Chatelier's principle can be used to predict the direction of displacement.

An increase in pressure on an equilibrium system will shift the position of equilibrium to the side having smaller volume and vice-versa

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          3 moles                  1 moles

An increase in pressure will favor the forward reaction to be favored.

b. Addition of H₂:

An in concentration of a specie favors the direction that uses up that specie and lowers its concentration.

Addition of hydrogen gas increases the concentration of amount of substances reacting.

To annul the effect of the reactant, more the product is given. The equilibrium shifts in the forward direction.

learn more:

equilibrium brainly.com/question/5877801

#learnwithBrainly

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List 3 elements that have similar properties or reactivity. Justify your answer with reasoning.
Rus_ich [418]

Answer:

Lithium, Potassium and Calcium

Explanation:

Because they are all in group one of the periodic table

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