The second most common criticism of utilitarianism is that it is impossible to apply - that happiness (etc) cannot be quantified or measured, that there is no way of calculating a trade-off between intensity and extent, or intensity and probability (etc), or comparing happiness to suffering.
A gas has to become ionisied in order to become a conductor. It must have a chain reaction in which atoms in it became unstable, in which they loose stabile electronic configuration. In order for a gas to become a conductor, it must have free particles, and it can happen only in ionisied gas.
(C) Air Resistance
<u>Explanation:</u>
When an object falls through air, air resistance acts on it in upward direction. When air resistance acts, acceleration during a fall will be less than g because air resistance affects the motion of the falling objects by slowing it down. Air resistance depends on two important factors - the speed of the object and its surface area. Increasing the surface area of an object decreases its speed.
Answer:
Please refer to the figure.
Explanation:
The magnitude of the magnetic field can be found by Biot-Savart Law. We should divide the loop into four components. Each component has a similar solution but their directions are quite different.
The directions can be found by right-hand rule. Point your index finger into the direction of current, point your middle finger towards the target point (0,0,a). Your thumb will show you the direction of magnetic field.
