Answer:
1. Hot air is less dense and has moved upward allowing cool air to move downward which is less dens
(Convection current)
2. The ceiling has transferred heat to him by radiation.
Explanation:
During the day when air is heated as a result of the ceiling transferring heat to it, it becomes less dens and it gains energy, which make it lighter in weight than cooler air, this hot air moves upward allowing cooler air to move downward.
The force on charge Y is the same as the force on charge X
Explanation:
We can answer this problem by applying Newton's third law of motion, which states that:
"When an object A exerts a force on object B (action force), then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A (reaction force)"
In this problem, we can identify object A as charge X and object B as charge Y. The magnitude of the electrostatic force between them is given by
(1)
where:
is the Coulomb's constant
are the two charges
r is the separation between the two charges
According to Newton's third law, therefore, the magnitude of the force exerted by charge X on charge Y is the same as the force exerted by charge Y on charge X (and it is given by eq.(1)), however their directions are opposite.
Learn more about Newton's third law:
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The load is the weight of the rock that Jonathan lifts:

The effort instead is the force applied in input to the lever in order to lift the rock:

So, the ratio between load and effort for this exercise is

So, the ratio is 10:1.