Answer:
The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons. They are the electrons involved in chemical bonds with other elements. Every element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell.
Explanation:
It's sp3d according to the lewis dot structure (four bonds, one lone pair).
pH of the buffer solution is 1.76.
Chemical dissociation of formic acid in the water:
HCOOH(aq) ⇄ HCOO⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq)
The solution of formic acid and formate ions is a buffer.
[HCOO⁻] = 0.015 M; equilibrium concentration of formate ions
[HCOOH] + [HCOO⁻] = 1.45 M; sum of concentration of formic acid and formate
[HCOOH] = 1.45 M - 0.015 M
[HCOOH] = 1.435 M; equilibrium concentration of formic acid
pKa = -logKa
pKa = -log 1.8×10⁻⁴ M
pKa = 3.74
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log(cs/ck)
pH = 3.74 + log (0.015 M/1.435 M)
pH = 3.74 - 1.98
pH = 1.76
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Answer: hydroxide ions
Explanation:
According to the Arrhenius concept, an acid is a substance that ionizes in the water to give hydronium ion or hydrogen ion and a bases is a substance that ionizes in the water to give hydroxide ion .
According to the Bronsted Lowry conjugate acid-base theory, an acid is defined as a substance which donates protons and a base is defined as a substance which accepts protons.
According to the Lewis concept, an acid is defined as a substance that accepts electron pairs and base is defined as a substance which donates electron pairs.
As KOH can give hydroxide ions on dissociation , it is considered as arrhenius base.
