The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it flows through the soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and then flow into streams and lakes. The more acid that is introduced to the ecosystem, the more aluminum is released.
Some types of plants and animals are able to tolerate acidic waters and moderate amounts of aluminum. Others, however, are acid-sensitive and will be lost as the pH declines. Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acidic lakes have no fish. Even if a species of fish or animal can tolerate moderately acidic water, the animals or plants it eats might not. For example, frogs have a critical pH around 4, but the mayflies they eat are more sensitive and may not survive pH below 5.5.
Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees:
Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.
At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might strip nutrients from trees’ foliage, leaving them with brown or dead leaves and needles. The trees are then less able to absorb sunlight, which makes them weak and less able to withstand freezing temperatures.
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Answer:
Resistance 2.
Explanation:
Ohm's law states that at constant temperature, the current flowing in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance in the electrical circuit.
Mathematically, Ohm's law is given by the formula;
Where;
- V represents voltage measured in voltage.
- I represents current measured in amperes.
- R represents resistance measured in ohms.
<u>Note</u>: Voltage is the same as potential difference.
Given the following data;
Resistance 1 = 10 Ohms
Current 1 = 3 Amperes
Potential difference 1 = current * resistance
Potential difference 1 = 3 * 10
<em>Potential difference 1 = 30 V</em>
To find the potential difference in 2;
Resistance 2 = 5 Ohms
Current 2 = 10 Amperes
Potential difference 2 = 10 * 5
<em>Potential difference 2 = 50 V</em>
Therefore, Resistance 2 has greater potential difference.
Answer:
pressure = force/area
force = 200N
area = πr², π =3.142, r = 12 cm = 0.12 m
pressure = 200/3.142×(0.12)²
p = 200/3.142×0.24
p = 200/0.754
p = 265.25 Nm-¹ or 265.25 Pa
Answer:
Freeze Fracture replication
Explanation:
<u>Freeze Fracture replication</u> is a technique that allows investigation of the microheterogeneity of a membrane so that one can see localized differences in different parts of the membrane.
Freeze fracture replication is a technique used with electron microscopy to splits frozen cell membranes apart for visualization of the membrane structure and the organization of proteins within the sea of phospholipids.
The four steps in making a freeze-fracture replication are
(i) rapid freezing,
(ii) fracturing,
(iii) replication and
(iv) replica cleaning.
