Answer:
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Thickness 
Internal Pressure
Shear stress 
Elastic modulus 
Generally the equation for shear stress is mathematically given by
Where
r_i=internal Radius
Therefore
Generally
Generally the equation for outer diameter is mathematically given by
Therefore
Assuming that the thin cylinder is subjected to integral Pressure
Outer Diameter is
Features of Multidimensional scaling(MDS) from scratch is described below.
Explanation:
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a way to reduce the dimensionality of data to visualize it. We basically want to project our (likely highly dimensional) data into a lower dimensional space and preserve the distances between points.
If we have some highly complex data that we project into some lower N dimensions, we will assign each point from our data a coordinate in this lower dimensional space, and the idea is that these N dimensional coordinates are ordered based on their ability to capture variance in the data. Since we can only visualize things in 2D, this is why it is common to assess your MDS based on plotting the first and second dimension of the output.
If you look at the output of an MDS algorithm, which will be points in 2D or 3D space, the distances represent similarity. So very close points = very similar, and points farther away from one another = less similar.
Working of MDS
The input to the MDS algorithm is our proximity matrix. There are two kinds of classical MDS that we could use: Classical (metric) MDS is for data that has metric properties, like actual distances from a map or calculated from a vector
.Nonmetric MDS is for more ordinal data (such as human-provided similarity ratings) for which we can say a 1 is more similar than a 2, but there is no defined (metric) distance between the values of 1 and 2.
Uses
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset. MDS is used to translate "information about the pairwise 'distances' among a set of n objects or individuals" into a configuration of n points mapped into an abstract Cartesian space.
Answer:
Diode equation for reverse saturation current
Voltage at which diode goes into Resistive region:V=-5 volts
Voltage at which high level injection occurs:Va=0.55 volt
Voltage at which avalanche multiplication occurs:V=5volts
Explanation:
we take here forward and reverse 0.7 volt and -5 volt
As Diode current equation is express as
....................1
here 
is total current through the diode and 
is reverse saturated current and 
is voltage drop across diode and 
is idealized factor and 
is thermal voltage
so here we know that when Bios is forward than
= .................2
ans Bios is Reverse than
= 
..................3
so here
1. diode reverse saturation current is express as
and
2. Voltage at which diode go into Reverse behavior will be
= = -5 volt
and
3. voltage at which high level injection occur that is
Va = 0.55 volt
and
4. voltage at which avalanche multiplication occurs is
Va = 5 volt
