When a group of firms chooses to work together to turn a non-monopoly market into a monopoly market by securing formal agreement
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Answer:
4.6 mm
Explanation:
Given data includes:
thin-walled pipe diameter = 100-mm =0.1 m
Temperature of pipe = -15° C = (-15 +273)K =258 K
Temperature of water = 3° C = (3 + 273)K = 276 K
Temperature of ice = 0° C = (0 +273)K =273 K
Thermal conductivity (k) from the ice table = 1.94 W/m.K ; R = 0.05
convection coefficient =2000 W/m².K
The energy balance can be expressed as:
where;
------------- equation (1)
------------ equation(2)
Equating both equation (1) and (2); we have;
Replacing the given data; we have:
r = 0.0454
The thickness (t) of the ice layer can now be calculated as:
t = (R - r)
t = (0.05 - 0.0454)
t = 0.0046 m
t = 4.6 mm