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frez [133]
3 years ago
13

Consider the expansion of a gas at a constant temperature in a water-cooled piston-cylinder system. The constant temperature is

achieved by controlled input of energy as heat Q to the gas. Treating the gas as idea, derive expressions for the energy output as work, W and energy input as heat, Q, as a function of the expansion ratio. (V2/V1)
Engineering
1 answer:
Leona [35]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

Q_{in} = W_{out} = nRT ln (\frac{V_{2}}{V_{1}})

Explanation:

According to the first thermodynamic law, the energy must be conserved so:

dQ = dU - dW

Where Q is the heat transmitted to the system, U is the internal energy and W is the work done by the system.

This equation can be solved by integration between an initial and a final state:

(1) \int\limits^1_2 {} \, dQ = \int\limits^1_2 {} \, dU - \int\limits^1_2 {} \, dW

As per work definition:

dW = F*dr

For pressure the force F equials the pressure multiplied by the area of the piston, and considering dx as the displacement:

dW = PA*dx

Here A*dx equals the differential volume of the piston, and considering that any increment in volume is a work done by the system, the sign is negative, so:

dW = - P*dV

So the third integral in equation (1) is:

\int\limits^1_2 {- P} \, dV

Considering the gas as ideal, the pressure can be calculated as P = \frac{n*R*T}{V}, so:

\int\limits^1_2 {- P} \, dV = \int\limits^1_2 {- \frac{n*R*T}{V}} \, dV

In this particular case as the systems is closed and the temperature constant, n, R and T are constants:

\int\limits^1_2 {- \frac{n*R*T}{V}} \, dV = -nRT \int\limits^1_2 {\frac{1}{V}} \, dV

Replacion this and solving equation (1) between state 1 and 2:

\int\limits^1_2 {} \, dQ = \int\limits^1_2 {} \, dU + nRT \int\limits^1_2 {\frac{1}{V}} \, dV

Q_{2} - Q_{1} = U_{2} - U_{1} + nRT(ln V_{2} - ln V_{1})

Q_{2} - Q_{1} = U_{2} - U_{1} + nRT ln \frac{V_{2}}{V_{1}}

The internal energy depends only on the temperature of the gas, so there is no internal energy change U_{2} - U_{1} = 0, so the heat exchanged to the system equals the work done by the system:

Q_{in} = W_{out} = nRT ln (\frac{V_{2}}{V_{1}})

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answer : 40.389° , 38.987° , 38° , 39.869° , 40.265°

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In a tensile test on a steel specimen, true strain = 0.12 at a stress of 250 MPa. When true stress = 350 MPa, true strain = 0.26
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The strength coefficient is 625 and the strain-hardening exponent is 0.435

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So, the strength coefficient is 625 and the strain-hardening exponent is 0.435.

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