Evolution is defined as change in gene frequency
Container must be made up of non metallic elements which can typically covalently bond and must have lone pairs of electrons dative bonds in order to allow further stability.
There are 3 possible ways of determining pH.
1. A pH meter, 2. Litmus paper/ pH test strips or 3. Titrations.
1. A pH meter works by sending a small electric current through the solution. An electrical current can only be created if there are free-moving particles such as H+ ions from an acid or OH- ions from a base. The pH meter can determine the pH by how high the conductivity is.
2. Litmus Paper or pH test strips are strips that turn a specific colour under a specific pH. This colour can then be compared to a colour chart which will tell you the pH. The downfall of this method is that the red ink will stain the strip and you will be unable to get an accurate reading.
3. A titration is the best method, if done properly, for determining pH.
The five levels of organization in a multicellular organism are cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. The level of complexity and functionality increases going from cells to organisms.
